Match the words below to obtain minimal pairs

Give examples to prove that the following features of the English consonants and vowels are distinctive.

Read aloud the minimal pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted.

Read the pairs of words given below. State which of them represent minimal pairs and which sub-minimal pairs.

Functional Aspect of Speech Sounds

Seminar 4

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What is phonology?

2. How are phonemes discovered?

3. What is the difference between phonemes and allophones?

4. How are allophones classified?

5. What patterns of phoneme distribution do you know?

6. Speak on the method of discovery of minimal distinctive features.

7. What are the main problems of phonological analysis?

8. What do you know about the history of the phoneme discovery?

9. How is the phoneme defined by Russian scientists?

10. What is the phonemic status of a sound in the neutral position?

2. Give the definition of the terms:

Phonology, phoneme, allophone, principals, subsidiary allophones, positional allophones, combinatory allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, contrastive distribution, minimal pair, single opposition, double opposition, multiple opposition.

thick — sick zest — lest daily — daisy

bathed — base they —lay Weller — weather

mouth —mouse marry — measure eel —ease

thigh —shy genre —jar bathe —bail

leasure — ledger

jug — bug led — laid lay — lie

judge — budge men — main say — sigh

birch — bird pen — pain bay — by

singe — sinned edge — age days — dies

keen — coin law — low roars — rose

try — Troy saw — so awed — ode

bays — buys gnaw — no called — cold

lied — Lloyd pause — pose torn — tone

5. Read these words. Pay attention to the positional allophones of the /l/ phoneme. State which of the words illustrate “clear” [l] and “dark”[ł].

like, lip, pull, live, mill, fool, less, leak, hall, list, girl, coal, twelve

orality – nasality

tenseness – laxness

frontness – backness

voicelessness – voicedness

plosiveness – constrictiveness

7. According to what distinctive features are the following phonemes contrasted?

/b/ - /m/, /t/ - /ʧ/, /z/ - /ʒ/, /t/ - /s/, /θ/ - /s/, /f/ - /v/, /eɪ/ - /e/, /i:/ - /ɪ/

8. Give examples for different types of distribution: a) complementary, b) contrastive, c) free variation.

9. Give examples of a) single opposition, b) double opposition,
c) multiple opposition.

catch, pip, cheap, sap, he, jail, lap, pair, say, sink, rip, fail, mink, cap, tear, she, lay, heap, match, Sam

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11. What minimal distinctive feature (or features) makes these oppositions phonologically relevant?

a) cap – cab sent – send leak – league

pack – back ton – don coal – goal

caper – labour latter – ladder decree – degree

b) pee – fee tie – sigh do – zoo

supper – suffer attend – ascend raider – razor

c) till – chill day – jay share – chair

martyr – marcher murder – merger marsh – much

eat – each lard – large furnisher – furniture

d) sigh – shy ruse – rouge letter – leisure

save – shave presser – pressure mass – mash

e) bad – mad dock – knock rigging – ringing

harbour – armour eddy – any log – long

rub – rum bad – ban rig – ring

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