Translation of terms

Rendering of the Names of Institutions. Periodicals, Hotels. Streets, etc.

Rendering of Geographical Names

Rendering of Antroponyms

Translation of Monosemantic Words

Monosemantic words are comparatively few in number. There are the following lexical group of monosemantic words: (1) antroponyms, (2) geographic names, (3) names of institutions, organisations, periodicals, (4) scientific and technological terms.

Monosemy is typical of numerals, names of months, days of the week, etc.

The function of antroponyms is purely nominative. They help to identify a person. There are two ways of rendering them: transcription and transliteration.

Transcription is now universally accepted. Mary - Мэри, Jack - Джек, Hailey - Хейли, etc. Tradition, however, still plays an important role. Some well-known names are rendered according to the tradition. Thus, it is George Bernard Show - Джордж Бернард Шоу (not Шо). King George is - король Георг, King Charles I - король Карл Первый.

Some "telling names" in fiction are translated:

Тяпкин-Ляпкин - Slap-Dash, Humpty-Dumpty - Шалтай-Болтай.

Tradition is very strong in rendering this group of words. They are often rendered according to the usage of earlier days, e.g. Dover ■ Дувр, Texas - Техас, Hull - Гулль, etc.

But in some cases the tradition has been abandoned in favour of transcription. So Virginia is now Вирджиния, not Виргиния, and Hull is often rendered as Халл. Extended names are often translated: the Cape of Good Hope - Мыс Доброй Надежды.

These classes of proper names are usually transcribed, e.g.

General Motors - Дженерал Моторс, Times - Тайме. Hotel Carlton - отель «Карлтон», Bayswater Road - Байсуотер Роуд.

But the "telling names" of old inns as well as the names of streets in historical novels are translated; The Red Lion - гостиница «Красный Лев». The "Economist" publishing office is in Threadneedle street - редакция журнала «Экономист» помещается на Треднидл стрит, but "tailors lived in Threadneedle street" - портные жили на улице «Иголка с ниткой»

Terms are generally associated with a definite branch of science. They are characterised by a tendency to be monosemantic in a given branch of science and technology and therefore easily call forth the required concept: calorie - калория, equator - экватор, polysemantic - многозначный, etc. But it should be taken into consideration that one and the same term may have different meaning in different branches of science, e.g. line 1) конвейер, поточная линия 2) трубопровод. In some cases the recent terminological explosion has produced polysemy even within the same branch (e.g. поджигающий электрод - in electronics may be keep-alive electrode or trigger electrode).

There is another group of words of terminological nature: names of animals, birds, etc, e.g. tiger-тигр, cat-кошка, swallow-ласточка. These words may acquire a figurative meaning in the source - language which has no equivalent in the target-language, e.g. tiger had a transferred meaning (now rare) "smart-liveried small boy as groom" (Concise Oxford Dictionary) - маленький жокей, мальчик-жокей.

Names of plants also belong to this group: oak - дуб, lily-of-the-valley - ландыш, as well as names of natural elements, names of the days of the week, of months and numerals: oxygen - кислород, Thursday - четверг, July - июль, thousand - тысяча, million -миллион.

Despecialization of terms in news media may occasionally pose a translation problem (the launching pad for his career-трамплин для его карьеры).

7. TRANSLATION OF POLYSEMANTIC, PSEUDO-INTERNATIONAL WORDS AND "NON-EQUIVALENTS"

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