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Word stress




There is no simple way of knowing which syllable or syllables in an English word must be stressed, but every time you learn a new word you must be sure to learn how it is stressed. The stress pattern of English words is fixed, that is the main stress always falls on a particular syllable of the word. Any good dictionary will give this information. If you stress the wrong syllable it spoils the shape of the word and there may arise difficulties in recognising the word.

In English all words of more than one syllable have at least one stressed syllable. If a word has only one stressed syllable we say that it has primary /'praImqrI/ stress ('m). This is the strongest type of stress. In some words that consist of many syllables we can observe a type of stress that is weaker than primary stress but stronger than all the other unstressed syllables. We call this secondary /'sekqndqrI/ stress ("m).

There are three main stress patterns of words that have two stresses:

· secondary + primary;

· primary + secondary;

· two primary stresses.

To the first group (secondary + primary stress) we refer a number of complex words that have primary stress at the end and secondary stress at the beginning of the word (on the first or on the second syllable). For example, " demon'stration, e"xami'nation, etc.

To the second type (primary + secondary stress) we refer compound nouns where the first element is the main one. The secondary stress here is marked only when the second element consists of two or more syllables. For example, ' book-"keeper, ' hair-"dresser, etc.

Two primary stresses are characteristic of complex and compound numerals (' fif'teen, ' twenty-'two), of compound adjectives (' kind-'hearted, ' bow-'legged), of compound nouns (' week'end, ' T'V), of phrasal verbs (' get 'up, ' sit 'down).

Sometimes we can distinguish between compound nouns and free word combinations only because of their stress patterns:

a dancing - girl – a professional dancer; a dancing girl – a girl who is dancing;

a dark room – a room where the photographs are made; a dark room – a room where there is not enough light.

Some words seem to change their stress pattern in connected speech (e.g. He’s Japa nese. – but: He’s a Ja panese doctor.). This phenomenon is known as stress shift. It happens because the following word starts with the stressed syllable, so the preceding word has to change the stress pattern to preserve the rhythm (we are going to discuss it later).

Words consisting of one syllable represent a special group. They may be divided into content /'kPntqnt/ words and function /'fANkSn/ words. Content words are usually stressed and they always have a full-quality vowel. These are full verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. Function words are purely grammatical forms which do not add much to the meaning of the phrase; therefore they are usually unstressed and have a weak form. These are pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, auxiliary and modal verbs. They can be stressed, too, and then they have their strong form with a full-quality vowel.

 




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