Студопедия

КАТЕГОРИИ:


Архитектура-(3434)Астрономия-(809)Биология-(7483)Биотехнологии-(1457)Военное дело-(14632)Высокие технологии-(1363)География-(913)Геология-(1438)Государство-(451)Демография-(1065)Дом-(47672)Журналистика и СМИ-(912)Изобретательство-(14524)Иностранные языки-(4268)Информатика-(17799)Искусство-(1338)История-(13644)Компьютеры-(11121)Косметика-(55)Кулинария-(373)Культура-(8427)Лингвистика-(374)Литература-(1642)Маркетинг-(23702)Математика-(16968)Машиностроение-(1700)Медицина-(12668)Менеджмент-(24684)Механика-(15423)Науковедение-(506)Образование-(11852)Охрана труда-(3308)Педагогика-(5571)Полиграфия-(1312)Политика-(7869)Право-(5454)Приборостроение-(1369)Программирование-(2801)Производство-(97182)Промышленность-(8706)Психология-(18388)Религия-(3217)Связь-(10668)Сельское хозяйство-(299)Социология-(6455)Спорт-(42831)Строительство-(4793)Торговля-(5050)Транспорт-(2929)Туризм-(1568)Физика-(3942)Философия-(17015)Финансы-(26596)Химия-(22929)Экология-(12095)Экономика-(9961)Электроника-(8441)Электротехника-(4623)Энергетика-(12629)Юриспруденция-(1492)Ядерная техника-(1748)

Organs of speech. Their functions




Unit 2

Glossary

Differences in the articulation bases of the English and Russian languages

Phonetics as a science. Transcription. Difference in articulation bases of the English and Russian languages

Unit 1

MAIN THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

SECTION I

 

 

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound matter, its aspect and functions. Phonetics formulates the rules of pronunciation for separate sounds and sound combinations. The central concerns in phonetics are the discovery of how speech sounds are produced, how they are used in spoken language, how we can record speech sounds with written symbols and how we hear and recognise different sounds.

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) stated phonetic symbols for sounds of many existing languages. These are transcription symbols.

[ɪ] pin [eɪ ] play [m] many [r] red

[i:] tree [ai] time [b] by [j] you

[e] pen [ɔɪ] boy [p] pay [z] zed

[æ] pan [aʊ] town [n] no [s] see

[ɒ] pot [ǝʊ] tone [d] do [v] verb

[ʌ] but [eǝ] hair [t] too [f] fan

[ǝ] above [ʊǝ] tour [g] go [ð] this

[ʊ] look [ɪǝ] here [k] key [θ] thin

[u:] moon [l] lay [ʒ ] genre

[ɑː] part [ŋ] sing [∫] she

[ɔː] port [w] win [ʤ] jug

[ɜː] girl [h] he [ʧ] chess

 

Writing transcription symbols one should use the form of print rather than handwriting. Don’t use any capital letters. Don’t show any punctuation. Use square brackets. Note that the primary stress is indicated by ['] before the stressed syllable: e.g. father ['fa:ðǝ]. Secondary stress is shown by [ ֽ ] before the syllable: e.g. examination [ɪg ֽzæmı 'neı∫ǝn].

 

1. The English consonants are articulated with the apical position of the tip of the tongue [t, d]. The Russian consonants are dorsal: the tip of the tongue is lowered /т, д/.

2. The Russian consonants are palatalized

tall vs. только

shall vs. щель.

3. English sounds [p, t, k] are aspirated Russian sounds have no aspiration.

4. In Russian we don’t have the following sounds: /w, θ, ð, ʤ, r, ŋ, h/.

5. English has “flat - type” position of the lips, the lips are not protruded, they are more tense, the corners of the lips are raised, which resembles a smile.

6. Differences between long and short vowels in English: sheep [∫i:p] ship [∫Ip]

7. In English there are 20 vowel sounds, in Russian - 6.

 

apical ['æpık∂l] - апикальный (кончик языка вверху за верхними зубами)

dorsal ['dɔːsl] - дорсальный (кончик языка за нижними зубами)

palatalization [ pæl∂t∂laı'zeı∫n] - палатализация (смягчение согласных)

aspiration [æspı'reı∫n] - аспирация (придыхание)

protrude [pr∂'tru:d] - вытягивать (губы)

vowel ['vαu∂l] - гласный

consonant ['kɒns∂n∂nt] - согласный

 

The organs of speech are as following:

1. the diaphragm

2. the lungs

3. the wind pipe

4. the larynx (Fig 1.1)

5. the vocal cords (Fig 1.2)

6. the pharynx (Fig 1.3)

7. the lips (Fig 1.8)

8. the teeth (Fig 1.7)

9. the alveolar ridge(Fig.2.9)

10. the hard palate (Fig.2.10)

11. the soft palate (Fig.2.11)

12. the uvula (Fig.2.12)

13. the blade of the tongue with the tip (Fig.3.13; 3.14)

14. the front of the tongue (Fig.3.15)

15. the back of the tongue (Fig.3.16)

16. the glottis (Fig 1.2)

17. the mouth cavity

18. the nasal cavity (Fig 1.6)

19. the lower jaw

 

The organs of speech are divided into movable (active articulators) and fixed (passive articulators). The movable speech organs can be moved into contact with other articulators, such as the tongue.

The fixed organs of speech (which are fixed in place, such as the teeth, the hard palate and the alveolar ridge) with the help of which the active organs form obstruction are called passive organs of speech. The passive organs serve as points of articulation.

From the lungs the air gets into the windpipe, at the top of which there is the larynx with the vocal cords. The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis. Then the air passes into the pharynx, the mouth and the nasal cavities. The mouth and the nasal cavities are separated by the hard palate and the soft palate with the uvula. The soft palate can move and block off the nasal cavity. Most speech sounds are pronounced with the soft palate raised, if it is lowered the air passes out through the nasal cavity [m, n, ŋ]. In the mouth the lips, the teeth, the tongue with all its parts help to produce sounds.

 




Поделиться с друзьями:


Дата добавления: 2015-05-31; Просмотров: 4337; Нарушение авторских прав?; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!


Нам важно ваше мнение! Был ли полезен опубликованный материал? Да | Нет



studopedia.su - Студопедия (2013 - 2024) год. Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав! Последнее добавление




Генерация страницы за: 0.009 сек.