Comparisons and contrasts

Билет

Classification of vowels according to lip position

Tones in question tags.

Билет

Classification of vowels according to the principle of tongue position

Moving up and down in the mouth various parts of the tongue may be raised to different height towards roof of the mouth.

When the front or the back of the tongue is raised high towards the plate the vowel is called close. [i:, i, u, u:]

When the highest part of the tongue occupies the position intermediate between the close and the open one mid vowels are pronounced. [e, ^, ʒ:, ә]

When the front or the back of the tongue is as low as possible in the mouth open vowels are pronounced. [ᵆ, a:, Ͻ, Ͻ:]

Answer: Question tags are short questions added to the end of a statement usually to produce a response from a hearer. We use a falling tone for question tags when we expect the hearer to acknowledge that what we have just said is correct, f.ex when we are giving our opinion:

They didn`t PLAY very well, DID they?

GREAT FILM, WASn`t it?

We use a rising tone when we invite the hearer to say whether what we have just said is correct or not, for ex, when we are not certain that smth is true:

japanESE, ISn`t It?

Notice that question tags are often used after statements where the subject or subject and verb have been left out.

Question tags usually have a falling tone when the statement is obviously correct:

Ypu`re not WELL, ARE you?

We also use a falling tone when we want the hearer to admit that smth they may not have accepted before is, in fact, correct:

TOLD you I was RIGHT, DIDn`t?

When both the statement and the question tag are positive, the question tag usually has a rising tone:

Came by CAR, DID you?

Question tags (will you, can`t you, won`t you, would you, shall we) can be added to imperative sentences. These tags usually have a rising tone and are often used to soften a request or command:

Let`s get the EARlier train, SHALL we?

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Sentenced-

Verdict- ve:dikt- 7 letters, 2 vowels, 4 cons, 2 voiced noise cons:v,d, voiceless noise cons: k,t, acc to manner of art: 3 occlusive stops: t,d,k, constrictive fricative: v, acc to place of art: labiodentals:v, 2 alveolar:t,d, velar:k.

Court- kϽ:t- 5 letters, 1 long vowel, 2 cons, acc to degree of noise: voiceless noise cons:k,t, acc to place of art: velar:k, alveolar:t.

The shape of the mouth cavity is also largely dependent on the position of the lips. When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are termed unrounded. [i:, i, e, ᵆ, a:, ^, ʒ:, ә]

When the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or less round the vowel is called rounded. [Ͻ, Ͻ:, u, u:]

When we are contrasting two words or phrases we emphasise the parts that we want to contrast by marking them prominent:

A: You are looked exhausted last night

B: Yes, but eve though I was TIRED I couldn`t get to SLEEP

Not being able to get to sleep is contrasted with being tired.

A: Can I have some of this cake now?

B: The pudding`s for toMORrow, not for today

Today is contrasted with tomorrow

Typically the wrd or phrase that is news- that is, information that the hearer is not expected to know- has a falling tone (I couldn`t get to SLEEP; that the cake for tomorrow). This contrasts with information that the hearer and speaker already share, which has a rising or fall rising tone (that I was tired; A thinks the cake is for today).

Here are some common patterns of comparison and contrast:

1.using a comparative form of an adjective:

I think it`s more important to have COMfortable clothes than STYlish ones

2.using either…or:

You can either catch the EARlier train or the LATer one

3.using …, not…or…not…,…:

He`s got bronchitis, not just a cough

4.Using other contrasting phrases

Rather than catch the BUS, maybe we could WALK home.

2. Make phonetic analysis:

Witness- witnәs- 7 letters, 4 cons, 2 vowels, 2 syll, acc to degree of noise: sonorant:n,w, 2 voiceless noise cons: t,s, acc to manner of art: occlusive stop: t, constrictive fricative:s, occlusive sonorant:n, constrictive sonorant: w, acc to place of art: bilabial: w, interdental:s,n alveolar:t,

Arrested-

Drizzling- drizliη- 9 letters, 2 syll, 2 vowels, 5 cons, acc to degree of noise: 2 voiced noise cons: z,d, 3 sonorants: r,l,η, acc to manner of art: occlusive stop:d, constrictive fricative: z, occlusive sonorants: η, 2 constrictive sonorants: r,l, acc to place of art: interdental: z,l, alveolar:d, postalveolar:r, palatal: η

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