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The notions of phoneme and allophone. Functions of phoneme (7)




 

A phoneme – is a minimal contrastive unit of a language => a reliable method of establishing phonemes.

The comutation test: 2 phonemes (sounds) are realization of different phonemes if they provide phonological contrast (= if they occur in at least one minimal pair).

Minimal pair – a pair of words differing in only one sound (bit – pit).

The relationships between the phoneme and the phone (speech sound) may be illustrated by the following scheme:

Allophones of the same phoneme, no matter how different their articulation may be, function as the same linguistic unit.

Phonemes differentiate words like tie and die from each other, and to be able to hear and produce phonemic differences is part of what it means to be a competent speaker of the language.

Allophones, on the other hand, have no such function: they usually occur in different positions in the word

(i.e. in different environments) and hence cannot be opposed to each other to make meaningful distinctions.

For example the dark [ł] occurs following a vowel as in pill cold, but it is not found before a vowel, whereas

the clear [l] only occurs before a vowel, as in lip, like. These two vowels cannot therefore contrast with each other

in the way that [1] contrasts with [r] in lip — rip or lake — rake, there are no pairs of words which differ only in that one has [ł] and the other — [1].

Allophones of each phoneme possess a bundle of distinctive features, that makes this phoneme functionally different

from all other phonemes of the language concerned. This functionally relevant bundle of articulatory features is called the invariant of the phoneme.

The behavior of allophones in phonetic context, their ability to occur in certain definite positions – distribution.

There are 3 types of distribution:

1) constrastive/parallel/overlapping – in this position these types of distribution are typical: [ n ] – [ ŋ ]

2) complementary – allophones of one and the same phoneme. Never in the same position: [ k ] – [ k ] (aspirated – non-aspirated).

3) free variation – allophones of one and the same phoneme that allocate in the same position.

4) They aren’t able to differentiate the meaning: Good night with glottal stop and without it.

 

Functions of phoneme:

1. constituetive – phoneme constitutes words, word combinations etc. Phonemes have no meaning of their own,

2. linguistically important for in the material form of their allophones they serve as a building material for words and morphemes;

3. distinctive – phonemes help to distinguish the meanings of words, morphemes;

4. identificatory (recognitive) – phoneme makes up gr-l forms of words, sentences, so the right use of allophones.

Some phonologists single out delimiting function.

The function of phonemes is to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words.

So the phoneme is an abstract linguistic unit, it is an abstraction from actual speech sounds, that is allophonic modifications.

 

Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech. Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase. “Mr. ‘Wilson is in the ‘hospital till ‘six o’clock”.

Eng.SR- a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl-s.Many linguists feel that these should be a basic R unit for all types of SA-ties.

The basic R unit for stressed –timed lang-s is a Rhythmic group- a speech segment which contains

a stress syllable+ unstressed ones attached to it. There are 2 points of view of the character of unstressed syllables attachment:

The semantic p.of v.: acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word

or to the lex unit acc to their semantic or gram connection.

The enclitic p.of v.: the unstressed syllables b/stressed ones tend to join the proceeding stressed syl-l

.In this case the str. Syl will always be the first in the group and the R group will include all the follow.units.

E.g 1. ‘Walk /‘down /the ‘path/ to the ‘end /of the ca’nal.

2. ‘Walk /‘down the/ ‘path to the /‘end of the ca/’nal.

 

According to the enclitic approach the phrase Mr. ‘Wilson is in the ‘hospital till ‘six o’clock shall be divided

into rhythmic groups in the following way: Mr. ‘Wilson is in the - ‘hospital till - ‘six o’clock.

Except the first rhythmic group, that includes proclitics, the stressed syllable goes first in the rhythmic group, not depending on its position in the word.

According to the semantic approach the unstressed syllables in the word adjoin to the stressed syllable

of the same word; the unstressed syllables representing auxiliary and other not accented words

adjoin to such lexical unit, to which they are adjoined semantically. In this case the following phrase

is going to look like: Mr. ‘Wilson is- in the ‘hospital - till ‘six o’clock.

It was proved experimentally that S.tempo and style influence the division into R.groups.

The Sem.tendency is more typical of accurate rather slow speech when a phrase falls into separate words.

The Enclit.tendency prevails in informal speech which is characterized by a quick tempo.

R groups tend to be pronounced at regular intervals of time irrespective of the number of unstressed syllables.

If there few or no unstressed syl-l it should be pronounced lower; if many they should be pronounced quickly and rapidly.

Thus,E. is lang-ge with stressed-timed character of R where stressed syl-s are pronounced at equal period of time and the basic R unit is a R group.

 

Билет 3




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