Functions of syllable. The notions of open and close juncture. Phonetic means of open juncture

Here is a close contact in the R syllable between the onset consonants and the following vowels (CV), which affects the quality of vowels.

In E there is a close contact between the vowel and the coda consonants (VC), which affects the length of vowels.

Most E syll-s are closed when there is a fortis consonant in the coda. There is one more controversial point in syll.division

which concerns medial cluster division in E. There are two authentic sources for looking up syllable boundary

of any given word in E: EPD (Cambridge Engl Pronouncing Dict-y) and LPD (Longman). The two sources agree on the following:

1. Compounds should be divided into syllables according to the morphological principle: hard-ware.

2. A single consonant which appears between two syllables after a short stressed vowel

should be attached to the preceding vowel: bett|er. However there are differences as to where

to put a consonant which follows a long vowel or a diphthong. EPD attaches a single word-medial consonant

to the following syllable (Maximal Onset principle): la.dy, in.vi.ted, while LPD puts all word-medial single consonants

and clusters to the stressed syllable (Maximal Stress principle): lad y, in vit ed. Thus the word window will be differently attested

in the two dictionaries due to the two different principles of syllable division: EPD win.dow, LPD wind ow.

Experimental evidence, as reported from British sources by Alan Crutenden, shows that following a long vowel a consonan

t was syllabified with the following syllable which supports EPD: la-dy. The retention stage of a consonant

belongs to the previous short vowel, while the release is with the next syllable.

In fact, the boundary between the two syllables runs within the medial consonant: city [sit-ti] better [bet-t`].]

Билет 9

There are two very important functions of syllable

. 1) constitutive. - its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself.

The syllable forms language units of greater magnitude: words, morphemes and utterances.

The S is the unit within which the relations between the distinctive features of the phonemes and their acoustic

correlates and revealed. Within a S prosodic characteristics of speech are realized, which form the stress-pattern

of a word and the rhythmic and intonation structures of an utterance. (S is a specific minimal structure of both

segmental and supresegmental features).

2) distinctive – the S is characterized by its ability to differentiate words and word-forms. ([nai-treit] nitrate - [nait-reit] night-rate).

The distinction here lies in: a) the degree of aspiration of [t] sounds which is greater in the first member

of the opposition than in the second; b) allophonic difference of [r]: in the 1^st member of the opposition

it is slightly devoiced under the influence of the initial [t]; c) the length of the diphthong [ai]:

in the second member of the opposition it is shorter because the syllable is closed by a voiceless plosive [t].

The S division changes the allophonic contents of the word because, the realization of the phoneme

in different positions in a S (initial, medial, final) results in different allophones.

(mice kill-my skill, an ice house-a nice house; I saw her eyes-I saw her rise; I saw the meat-I saw them eat.).

In language with distinctive differences in syllable division these differences are regarded as forming

a separate phonological unit, - one of its names, which has been suggested by the American descriptivists

and is widely used, is juncture phoneme.

It refers mainly to distinctive differences in the position of the syllabic boundary at the junction of words or morphemes as in [ə neim - ən eim].

There are two types of juncture usually distinguished: 1) open juncture 2) close juncture.

Open juncture is implemented by the onset of a fresh articulatory effort. In a name this open juncture occurs between [ə] and [n].

Close juncture occurs between sounds closely connected with each other within one S by a single arc of articulatory effort,

e.g. between [n] and [ei]. Close juncture is not marked. In fact it is just the absence of open juncture.

The phonetic nature of open juncture is complex. As the above examples show, its occurance

involves changes in length, pitch, aspiration and in other features of sounds.

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