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II. Grammar Practice Section. I. Topical Vocabulary




I. Topical Vocabulary

About the English Language

The humanities

УЭ-2

 

1. To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to memorize them.

expansion [ıks'pæn∫n] n расширение, распространение
influence ['ınfluəns] n влияние
to contribute [kən'trıbju:t] v содействовать, способствовать
spread [spred] n протяжение, пространство, простирание, протяжённость
intercourse ['ıntəkɔ:s] n общение; общественные связи / отношения
to undergo [,Λndə'gəu] v испытывать, подвергаться (чему-л.)
countryside ['kΛntrısaıd] n сельская местность
peculiar [pı'kju:lıə] adj свойственный, принадлежащий (кому-л., чему-л.)
outside [,aut'saıd] adj наружный, внешний
vocabulary [vəu'kæbjulərı] n словарь, запас слов
to call for [kɔ:l] v требовать; вызывать
general ['dʒenrəl] adj общий, всеобщий; повсеместный, обычный
aboriginal [,æbə'rıdʒənəl] n коренной житель, абориген
to introduce [,ıntrə'dju:s] v представлять

 

2. Match the word combinations in column A with the appropriate translation in column B.

A   B  
1. to be widely used a) вводить новые элементы
2. to be known as b) переводить текст
3. to be cultivated c) улучшать произношение
4. to be mainly preserved d) быть обработанным, возделанным
5. to improve pronunciation e) быть широко использованным
6. to introduce new elements f) быть известным как…
7. to translate a text g) быть преимущественно сохранённым

 

Point out the Passive Constructions out of the ones given above.

 

 

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Pay attention to the translation of the sentences in the Passive Voice.

 

About the English language

 

English is one of the most important and widely used languages. British colonial expansion in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries took the English language all over the world. Except Britain it became the official (or the second official) language of the USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa and other countries. Economic, political and cultural influence of these countries in the world contributed to further spread of English in the 20th century. As a result we have a unique phenomenon in history: about 1500 million people – over a third of the world’s population – live in countries where English is used and taught. In fact it has become the language of international intercourse.

The English we study (the model used in the teaching of English overseas) is known as Standard English1. Standard English is the official language used in Great Britain. It is taught at schools and universities. It is used in literature, by the press, the radio and television and spoken by educated people.

Besides Standard English there are very many local dialects in Great Britain. Under the influence of Standard English taught at school and the speech cultivated by the radio, television and the cinema the local dialects are undergoing a change. The old local dialects are mainly preserved in the countryside and for the most part in the speech of elderly people.

A few words should be said about Cockney English2. It is known at least by name to a large number of people living outside the English speaking countries. Cockney is a class dialect spoken by about two million working-class Londoners – Cockneys3 – in the East End of London. It differs from Standard English by its peculiar pronunciation.

As a result of geographical separation English spoken outside the British Isles has developed certain differences in vocabulary and pronunciation but less in grammar. Differences in geographical features, in the flora and fauna and in the life call for new words which find their way in the general English vocabulary.

Contacts with other languages have also left their mark on English outside Great Britain. Contacts with various native languages, as for example, with Red Indian language in America, the languages of the Australian aborigines and the Maori in New Zealand have introduces new elements into the English vocabulary.

 

1 Standard English – литературный английский язык

2 Cockney English – кокни (лондонское просторечие)

3 Cockney – кокни, уроженец Лондона (особ. восточной части)

 

2. Fill in the table below by writing in all the verbs used in the first passage of the text.

Active form Passive form
     

3. Use the Past Simple Active or the Past Simple Passive instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. English (to use) and (to study) widely as a foreign language.
2. Half of the world’s scientific literature (to be) in English.
3. English (not to be) only the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sport, it (to be) to a considerable degree the universal language of literacy and public communication.
4. English the most frequently (to use) language both in the debates in the United Nations and in the general conduct of UN business.
5. The author of the book (to picture) the life of poor people with great realism.
6. Reference books (to include) encyclopedias, dictionaries, indexes, directories, yearbooks and guides.
7. School pupils (to require) to learn one foreign language.
8. Studying foreign languages (to enrich) the native language, (to make) it clearer, more flexible and expressive.
9. Knowledge of a foreign language is truly something that (to open) up a whole new world to the one who (to possess) it.
10. In English, grammatical meaning (to determine) largely by word order.

4. Find the correct translation of the underlined structures. Choose a, b or c for each item.

1. The first industrial revolution gave us machines to do the work that had been done before by men’s hands.
    a) делают
    b) делала
    c) делалась
       
2. The population of the Earth is growing rapidly.
    a) возрастёт
    b) выросло
    c) возрастает
       
3. New sources of power, new processes, new materials have come into use with such bewildering speed in the present century that it is hard to keep track of them all.
    a) нашли своё применение
    b) находят своё применение
    c) найдут своё применение
       
4. Our ancestors naively considered the Earth’s resources to be boundless and endless.
    a) полагают
    b) полагали
    c) будут предполагать
       
5. The new data about the Moon which scientists received not long ago are very valuable.
    a) получили
    b) получают
    c) получат
       
6. Considerable efforts are being made now to solve ecological problems.
    a) предпринимаются
    b) предпринимают
    c) предприняли
       
7. Communication satellites have helped to solve major problems of communication, and this saved large sums of money.
    a) помогли
    b) помогут
    c) помогают
       
8. Education is the means by which the young are taught the ways to cope with the problems of living.
    a) обучают
    b) обучаются
    c) учились
       
9. When people probed into the secrets of living matter, they began to control the development of plants and animals.
    a) раскрыли
    b) раскрывали
    c) были раскрыты
       
10. Modern transport and communication system have brought many peoples of the world together.
    a) объединили
    b) объединились
    c) были объединены

5. Determine the tense and voice of the predicate in the following sentences and make these sentences negative and interrogative.

1. The old local dialects are mainly preserved in the countryside.
2. Contacts with other languages have also left their mark on English outside Great Britain.
3. Standard English is taught at schools and universities.
4. English is one of the most widely used languages.
5. The English we study is known as Standard English.
6. Cockney is a class dialect spoken by about two million working-class Londoners.
7. Cockney differs from Standard English by its peculiar pronunciation.
8. Contacts with various native languages have introduced new elements into the English vocabulary.
9. In about twenty-five countries English has been legally used as an official language.
10. The number of second language speakers may soon exceed the number of native speakers if it is not done so yet.

 

6. Choose the best answer (a, b or c) to complete each sentence below.

1. Heat and light __________ to us by the sun.
    a) are given
    b) give
    c) is given
       
2. The new performance is much __________ about.
    a) speak
    b) spoke
    c) spoken
       
3. I wasn’t __________ about it in time.
    a) tell
    b) told
    c) telling
       
4. Many scientists and technologists __________ languages in exchanging and acquiring technical information.
    a) were needed
    b) are needed
    c) need
       
5. Economics, like English grammar, __________ a few simple rules and principles.
    a) is had
    b) have
    c) has
       
6. Economics __________ some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools __________ in it extensively.
    a) has; are used
    b) has; use
    c) has; used
       
7. In Greece each state __________ its own law, some laws __________ common to many cities.
    a) had; was
    b) had; were
    c) has; were
       
8. Roman law __________ one of the greatest systems that has ever existed.
    a) is
    b) were
    c) was
       
9. Belarussian forests __________ beautiful, with pine dominating.
    a) is
    b) was
    c) are
       
10. The history of Belarus __________ to antiquity.
    a) go
    b) goes
    c) went

7. Explain the usage of the auxiliary verbs in the following sentences and translate these sentences into Russian.

1. Until a few centuries ago there were many natives of what we call the British Isles, who did not speak English.
2. Since the early 1970s, more and more people learning Gaelic and go to the evening classes.
3. In Wales the Welsh language Society was formed in 1962 and it has been fighting to restore Welsh to an equal place with English.
4. Welsh is recognized as being equally valid for use in law courts, either written or spoken.
5. In Wales some of the programmes of the fourth channel are broadcast in Welsh.
6. English is associated with technological and economic development of the great manufacturing countries and it is the principal language of international aid.
7. The writer has finished the first chapter of his book and now he is working on the second one.
8. In some months he will be able to read English newspapers.
9. Speaking is considered by many as the main objective of language learning.
10. The knowledge of spoken language will help you to express your opinions and feelings.

 

8. Transform the following active constructions into passive ones.

1. Many people in our country study foreign languages.
2. About 1500 million people – over a third of the world’s population – use and learn English in their countries.
3. We use Standard English in literature, by the press, the radio and television.
4. Elderly people preserve the old local dialects in the countryside.
5. More than 300 million people speak English as a native language.
6. In about twenty-five countries people use English legally as an official language.
7. People use English language in automation and computer technology, sport and public communication.
8. The writer has just finished his second novel.
9. People have historically associated Oxford and Cambridge with state religion.
10. The Egyptians made paper from papyrus.

 

9. Read the following sentences attentively. Some of them have mistakes. Correct them if there are any.

1. In our country justice is exercised on the principles of equality of citizens before the law and the court, regardless of social position, property or official standing, nationality or race.
2. Knowing the economic laws of the development of the society, economists can solved many problems facing our Republic.
3. Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs.
4. There are hundreds of industrial enterprises in Minsk which are produces tractors and automobiles, motor-cycles and bicycles, TV-sets and radio-sets, watches and refrigerators, electronic computers, textile, footwear, food and other goods.
5. Today’s scientific and technological progress demands of the higher school graduates to prepared to deepen their knowledge individually and adapted themselves quickly to the changes in the branches of science or industry they have chosen as their speciality.
6. The academic year divides into two terms, each ending in examinations.
7. The press and journalists plays a very important role in the life of any country and in the progress of democratization of our society in particular.
8. The destruction of nature gradually leads to the loss of the most essential elements of existence.
9. Man’s conscious labour and his first tools markes the beginning of the establishment of human society.
10. The economic system used in most countries lies between the two extremes of command and market economies.

 

 




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