II. Grammar Practice Section. I. Topical Vocabulary

I. Topical Vocabulary

Environmental Ethics

1. To build up your active vocabulary read the following words and try to memorize them.

to view [vju:] v	–	рассматривать, оценивать
perspective [pə'spektıv] n	–	перспектива, виды на будущее
pressure ['pre∫ə] n	–	давление; стеснённость, затруднительные обстоятельства
knowledge ['nɔlıdʒ] n	–	знание; познания
diversity [daı'və:sətı] n	–	разнообразие, многообразие
background ['bækgraund] n	–	задний план; истоки, происхождение
value ['vælju:] n	–	ценность, стоимость; значение
to comprise [kəm'praız] v	–	включать, охватывать
to assume [ə'sju:m] v	–	предполагать, допускать
to disturb [dı'stə:b] v	–	беспокоить, волновать
issue ['ı∫u:] n	–	спорный вопрос; проблема
exploitation [,əksplɔı'teı∫n] n	–	эксплуатация; разработка месторождения
to prevail [prı'veıl] v	–	торжествовать; преобладать
profit ['prɔfıt] n	–	польза, выгода; прибыль
to sway [sweı] v	–	качать, колебаться; иметь влияние (на кого-л., что-л.), склонять (кого-л. к чему-л.)
concern [kən'sə:n] n	–	забота; отношение; значение, важность
to take for granted [gra:nt]	–	считать само собой разумеющимся
will [wıl] n	–	воля, сила воли; намерение
to compose [kəm'pəuz] v	–	составлять
decent ['dı:snt] adj	–	приличный, подходящий; скромный

2. Match the word combinations in column A with the appropriate translation in column B.

A		B
1.	to have a value	a)	не следует волновать
2.	to be used	b)	быть использованным
3.	should be done	c)	иметь значение
4.	to have an idea	d)	должен быть сделан
5.	to be available	e)	быть доступным
6.	should not be disturbed	f)	иметь идею
7.	to have an opinion	g)	быть изученным
8.	to be examined	h)	иметь мнение

1. Read the following text and give its Russian interpretation. Bear in mind different meanings of the words to do, to be, to have. While reading, find the sentences, in which to be functions as the modal verb.

global environment

People of different cultures view their place in the world from different perspectives. Among the things that shape their views are religious understandings, economic pressures, and fundamental knowledge of nature. Because of this diversity of background, different cultures put different values on the natural world and the individual organisms that comprise it.

Three prevailing attitudes toward nature are the development ethic, which assumes that nature is for people to use for their own purposes, the preservation ethic, which assumes that nature has a value of itself and should not be disturbed, and the conservation ethic, which recognizes that we will use nature but that it should be used wisely.

Ethical issues can be examined at several different levels. Growth and exploitation have been the prevailing attitude of our society for generations. This does not mean that everyone in society has the same opinions, but the general attitude has been one of development rather than preservation. Most environmental decisions have really been economic decisions, and the prevailing attitude has been. If a resource is available for use, it should be used.

Corporate ethics are even more strongly influenced by economics. Corporations exist to make a profit. Any way that they can reduce costs makes them more profitable. Unfortunately, pollution and exploitation of rare resources may be costly to individuals or society while being profitable to corporations. In addition, corporations wield tremendous economic power and can sway public opinion and political will. Recently, many corporations have begun to openly acknowledge their responsibility to carefully examine their impact on the natural world.

Society and corporations are composed of individuals. An increasing sensitivity of individual citizens to environmental concerns can change the political and economic climate for society and corporations. However, people often do not have a clear idea of what should be done and often do not act in a way that supports their stated beliefs.

Global environmental concerns have become more important. The world is getting “smaller” and more interrelated. A more people are added each year, there is increasing competition for the resources needed for a decent life. An environmental disaster is no longer a local problem, but affects us globally. The increasing economic difference between rich and poor nations is also related to the global environment, since the poor aspire to have what the rich take for granted. We need to work together to solve the problem.

2. Translate the following sentences. Explain the usage of the words to do, to be, to have.

1.	Unit 3 is not so difficult as unit 1.
2.	English is easier than Russian.
3.	An interesting problem was discussed at the lecture.
4.	The newspapers are usually brought in the morning.
5.	The experiments will have been completed by the end of the week.
6.	Much time is given to the study of the new methods of work.
7.	The Romans were very good at organizing, and they were the first people to have schools run by the government free of charge.
8.	Studying science is meaningless without experimental work. For this every department at the University has its own laboratory where students can do their experiments and in this way develop a scientific outlook and initiative.
9.	I don’t know what book he is reading.
10.	You will have to find out where he is now.
11.	Children under 16 are not allowed to see the film.
12.	Ted doesn’t like when he is asked about his work.
13.	The report will be followed by the discussion.
14.	Marie curie had to use an old store-room at the University as her laboratory – she was refused a better room.

3. Read the following passage and state the function of the word to have.

Animals have ways of exchanging information. Bees dance and tell other bees where they can have food. Elephants make sounds that humans can’t hear. Whales sing songs. But this is nothing compared to what people can do. We have language – about 6000 languages. We can write poetry, tell jokes, make promises, explain, persuade, tell the truth, or tell lies. And we have a sense of past and future, not just present. We have to admit that people are great communicators. Communication technologies had great influence in the development of all the great ancient societies. Radio, film and television have had a huge influence on society in the last hundred years. And now we have the Internet, which is infinite.

4. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the four different meanings of the verb “to be”. Decide which function this verb has in every given sentence.

1.	My aim is to master English.
2.	There are some interesting articles in this magazine.
3.	The train is to arrive at 5.
4.	I was to send him a letter, but I forgot.
5.	Such problems were discussed at out meeting yesterday.
6.	The train was to arrive at 10 but it was late.
7.	My friend will be a doctor in 5 years.
8.	They will be in Minsk during winter vocation.
9.	Our work will be completed next year.
10.	He is to deliver a lecture on International Law.
11.	Hard work is a guarantee of success.
12.	The students of group №4 are having a seminar now.
13.	A foreign delegation was to visit the exhibition.
14.	The report was interesting.
15.	Soon this book will be translated into English.
16.	There will be no wars in future.
17.	English is spoken in many countries of the world.
18.	Only the best out of the best are admitted to the University.
19.	A new rule is being explained now.
20.	We hope that an agreement will be arrived at.

5. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate form of the verb to be. Translate the following sentences.

1.	Economics __________ a subject that most students encounter only firefly.
2.	Economics __________ the science of making choice.
3.	Today small businesses __________ the heart of the market economy.
4.	Business operations __________ subjected to review by local, state and federal authorities.
5.	There __________ traditional, command, market and mixed economies.
6.	There __________ no limit to people’s wants.
7.	In economics “the long run” __________ the time period in which nothing an be changed.
8.	I __________ interested in many fields of economy.
9.	I __________ student of Polotsk State University.
10.	I __________ sure that the profession of an economist __________ one of the most important nowadays in view of the situation in our Republic.

6. Choose the sentences in which the verbs to be and to have used as the auxiliary ones.

1.	Do you have to rewrite this exercise?
2.	We have just discussed this problem.
3.	We have some questions to ask you.
4.	The students have to work hard.
5.	She had to look up the words in the dictionary.
6.	I haven’t seen you for ages. Where have you been?
7.	The delegation has already arrived.
8.	You have no right to do it.
9.	He is the best student of the group.
10.	He is said to have written a new play.
11.	He appears to be satisfied with the results of his work.
12.	In the transition from one formation to another, the old traditions of production are abolished and the new ones take their place.
13.	The splendid buildings of Constantinople were to prove the might of the imperial power.
14.	To be able to trade with distant countries merchants had to know the way of life and the character of the people there.
15.	It may surprise you to know that until a few centuries ago there were many natives of what we call the British Isles, who did not speak English.
16.	All English tense-forms can be subdivided into four groups.
17.	In some months he will be able to read English newspapers.
18.	Economics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.
19.	The first written news service was supplied to the great and wealthy people in Elizabethian England (1558-1603).
20.	In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws.
21.	Each country of the world has its own system of law.
22.	In Greece each city had its own law.
23.	Informal rules have very little to do with the laws created by governments.
24.	Many customs have existed since “time immemorial”.
25.	The task of the jury is to bring in a verdict.
26.	The ways in which people talk, eat and drink are guided by informal rules.

7. Decide which of the two given variants is correct.

1.	If you (has / have) any trouble with the assignment, give me a call.
2.	Two of the players (were / had) suspended from the league for ten games for using grugs.
3.	Customs need not (be / have) made by governments, and they need not (be / have) written down.
4.	The Fifteenth Century (is / was) an age of violent contrasts.
5.	All British Universities (have / are) private institutions.
6.	The students (are / do) listening to the lecturer attentively.
7.	He (is / has) proud of having won the competition.
8.	He (was / does) disappointed not to (be / have) participated in the discussion.
9.	The situation seems to (be / do) changing for the better.
10.	After the students (had / have) been asked the homework they (was / were) given a new one.

8. Fill in the table below by putting in the numbers of the corresponding sentences.

	to be	to have	to do
вспомогательный глагол
модальный глагол			–
смысловой глагол

1.	Many general customs have been adopted by the courts and have become laws.
2.	Ethical issues can be examined at several different levels.
3.	Growth and exploitation have been the prevailing attitude of our society for generations.
4.	This does not mean that everyone in society has the same opinion.
5.	Most environmental decisions have really been economic decisions.
6.	If a resource is available for use, it should be used.
7.	Society and corporations are composed of individuals.
8.	People often do not have a clear idea of what should be done to save our nature.
9.	Global environmental concerns have become more important.
10.	The world is getting “smaller” and more interrelated.
11.	The poor aspire to have what the rich take for granted.
12.	Most ethical questions are very complex.
13.	Some individuals view the world’s energy situation as serious and have reduced their own consumption.
14.	Other people do not believe there is a problem, and, there fore, have not modified their energy use.
15.	People use energy as long as it is available.
16.	The jury is still discussing the verdict.
17.	The general nature of the law is that it is enforced equally against all members of the nation.
18.	Economics has some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools are used in it extensively.
19.	We don’t have to discuss this material.
20.	He is to take his exam in winter.

9. Read the following short passage and define the function of the words to be, to have, to do. It is not necessary to give detailed translation of this passage.

Ethics is one branch of philosophy. Ethics seeks to define fundamentally what is right and what is wrong, regardless of cultural differences. For example, most cultures have a reverence for life and feel that all individuals have a right to live. It is considered unethical to deprive an individual of life.

Morals differ somewhat from ethics because morals reflect the predominant feelings of a culture about ethical issues. For example, in almost all cultures, it is certainly unethical to kill someone; however, when a country declares war, most of its people accept the necessity for killing the enemy. There fore, it is a moral thing to do even though ethics says that killing is wrong. No nation has ever declared an immoral war.

10. To kill two birds with one stone do the following exercise. You will recapitulate the usage of the verbs to be, to have, to do and have some fun. Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of be, have, do.

1. My car __________ a real personality. 2. It acts as if it __________ human. 3. On cold morning, it __________ not want to start. 4. Like me, the car __________ a problem dealing with freezing weather. 5. I don’t want to get out of bed, and my car __________ not like leaving the garage. 6. Also, we __________ the same feeling about rainstorms. 7. I hate driving to University in a downpour and __________ the car. 8. When the car __________ stopped at a light, it stalls. 9. The habits my car __________ may be annoying. 10. But they __________ understandable.

11. Just for fun. Pay special attention to the translation of the words to be, to have, to do.

Elementary, my dear Watson

Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson were having a camping holiday in the countryside. On their final evening, they decided to go to bed as soon as they had finished their simple meal, as they were leaving early the next morning.

Some time later, Watson woke up. He saw his friend was lying awake, staring at the stars. He had obviously been doing this for some time.

‘Watson,’ said Holmes, ‘I have been studying the stars for the last ten minutes and I have just made a brilliant deduction. Before I tell you what it is, look up at the stars and tell me what you see.’

Watson thought for a moment.

‘Well, the stars are shining brightly, which means it will probably be a wonderful day tomorrow.’

‘No, not that,’ said Holmes. ‘Try again.’

‘Let me see… I observe that the Moon is at angle of 65 degrees, and will be setting in approximately one hour. I therefore deduce that the time is approximately 2.25 a.m.’

‘No, not that either,’ said Holmes. ‘Try again.’

‘Um… in another five hours, we will have been on holiday for exactly one week.’

‘You idiot, Watson. Some thief has stolen our tent!’

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