Could have done

Revision

9.1 Write the sentences, choosing one of the modals:

1. We are leaving tonight, so you (should/must) buy a ticket for the flight.

2. (May/Might) I come in?

3. David (can/could) cook well when he wants to.

4. 'Do you think it (can/might) rain?' – 'Yes, possibly. We don't want to get wet so I think we (should/must) take our raincoats.'

5. Jenny tried to carry him but she (can't/couldn't).

6. We (can/might) visit my cousin in Australia next year but we don't know yet.

7. In many countries, you (should/must) wear a seat belt in the car - it's the law.

8. (Can/May) you hold this for me, please?

9. I know – they enjoy their work but they (shouldn't/mustn't) work at the weekends. It's not good for them. I think they (should/must) spend time at home with their families.

10. The letter (can/may) arrive tomorrow.

9.2 Complete the sentences with can, could, may, might, should or must in the positive or negative form:

1. Richard's only three but he _________ swim very well.

2. You've had that headache for two days. I think you _________ go to the doctor.

3. I don't think we _________ go to the beach because it _________ rain this afternoon.

4. I lived in Germany as a child so I _________ speak German then but I _________ speak it now.

5. You _________ remember to take your passport tomorrow.

6. _________ you close the door, please?

7. We _________ move house next year but we're not sure yet.

8. Passengers _________ smoke when the plane is taking off.

9. I think you _________ play tennis with Sally – she _________ play really well.

10. 'Do you think I _________ learn some Portuguese before I go to Brazil?' – 'Yes, that would be a good idea.'

9.3 Identify the function of the modal verbs:

(im)possibility - offer - advice - necessity - giving/refusing permission - ability in the past -absence of necessity - obligation - request - polite request - (im)probability – prohibition

1. This must be Jack's house.

2. It can't be 7 o'clock already!

3. Shall I open the door for you?

4. You should buy a new car.

5. You can’t leave before 12 o’clock!

6. Could I ask you a question?

7. There might be some apple pie left.

8. We’ ve got to run to catch the bus.

9. Can you pass me the salt, please?

10. I must go to the dentist’s.

11. You can leave your coat here.

12. You mustn’t tell anyone what happened.

13. He could play the piano when he was young.

14. She needn’t wait for us.

15. Neil may not remember my phone number.

9.4 Rewrite the sentences using the words given in bold type:

1. It isn't necessary to buy a ticket. – need – You don’t need to buy a ticket.

2. It's not possible for you to eat so much. – can’t

3. I advise him to be more careful. – should

4. Do you want me to open the window? – shall

5. I think that's John's car. – must

6. It's just possible she's still at work. – could

7. I don't think he is her brother. – can’t

8. Do you want me to help you with that? – would

9. He couldn't swim when he was five. – able

10. I don't think she is the woman who spoke to me. – can’t

9.5a) Complete the grammar box. Put the phrases a-d in the gaps 1-4:

a) This was necessary.

b) This wasn’t necessary.

c) This was possible.

d) This wasn’t possible.

We use modal verbs to ask and talk about obligation and possibility in the past. We do not usually use must or mustn’t when we are talking about the past.   Could + infinitive You could leave school at sixteen. (1) ________________________________________ Couldn’t + infinitive She couldn’t leave me at home (2) ________________________________________ Had to + infinitive I had to go to the market with her. (3) ________________________________________ Didn’t have to + infinitive I didn’t have to go to the market. (4) ________________________________________  

9.5 b) Complete the text with had to, didn’t have to, could or couldn’t:

My twin brother and I are the oldest in a family of seven. When I was a teenager, I _______ look after my brothers and sisters until my parents came home from work. My brother was really lucky – because he was a boy, he _______ do anything. I _______ see my friends or go out because I _______ do my homework when my parents got home. I wanted to go to college, but I _______ get a place because I did badly in my exams. I got a job where I _______ work in the evenings, so I _______ go to evening school. For ten years I _______ work and study really hard, but finally I got the qualification that I wanted and became a teacher.

9.5 c) Think about when you were a child. Complete each sentence in three different ways:

I had to … I could …

I didn’t have to … I couldn’t …

II *Functions of modal verbs with the Perfect, Continuous and Perfect Continuous infinitives

Modal verbs can also be used with the Perfect (have + Past Participle), Continuous (be + Present Participle) or Perfect Continuous (have been + Present Participle) infinitives. These types of infinitives add special shades of meaning to the functions described above. As a rule, the Perfect infinitive after the modal verbs refers to the situations that happened in the past. The Continuous infinitive emphasizes the process happening at the moment of speaking. The Perfect Continuous infinitive is used to describe the action, which happened in the past and has visible results in the present, or the one that was going on in the past for some time.

Could have done is used for things which were possible but did not happen:

e.g. Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara. (= You had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn’t)

1.1* Read this information about Ken:

Ken didn't do anything on Saturday evening.

Ken doesn't know anything about machines.

Ken was free on Monday afternoon.

Ken was short of money last week.

Ken's car was stolen on Monday.

Ken had to work on Friday evening.

Some people wanted Ken to do different things last week but they couldn't contact him. So he didn't do any of these things. You have to say whether he could have done or couldn't have done them:

1. Ken's aunt wanted him to drive her to the airport on Tuesday. — He couldn’t have driven her to the airport (because his car had been stolen).

2. A friend of his wanted him to go out for a meal on Friday evening. — Ken ____.

3. Another friend wanted him to play tennis on Monday afternoon. — Ken ____.

4. Jack wanted Ken to lend him £50 last week. — ____.

5. Jane wanted Ken to come to her party on Saturday evening. — He ____.

6. Ken's mother wanted him to repair her washing machine. — ____.

2. Must have done & can’t have done

Must have done and can’t have done are used to express probability in the past:

e.g. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep.

e.g. Tom walked straight into the wall. He can’t have been looking where he was going.

2.1* Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can't have:

1. The phone rang but I didn't hear it. (I / asleep) — I must have been asleep.

2. Jane walked past me without speaking, (she / see / me) — She can’t have seen me.

3. The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it / very expensive)

4. I haven't seen the people next door for ages. (they / go away)

5. I can't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)

6. Don passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult)

7. She knew everything about our plans, (she / listen / to our conversation)

8. Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)

9. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I / forget / to turn it off)

10. The lights were red but the car didn't stop. (the driver / see / the red light)

11. I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door. (the neighbours / have / party)

3. May / might have done

We use may have done or might have done to express possibility in the past:

e.g. I can’t find my bag anywhere. I might have left it in the shop (perhaps it is in the shop).

Sometimes could has a similar meaning to may and might:

e.g. You could have left your bag in the shop. (= you may/might have left …)

But couldn’t is different from may not and might not:

e.g. She was too far away, so she couldn’t have seen you. (= it is not possible that she saw you)

e.g. A: I wonder why she didn’t say hello. B: She might not have seen you. (= perhaps she didn’t seen you; perhaps she did)

3.1* Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use may or might:

1. I can't find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.

a) (he/go/shopping) e.g. He may have gone shopping.

b) (he/play /tennis) e.g. He might be playing tennis.

2. I'm looking for Helen. Do you know where she is?

a) (she / watch / TV / in her room)

b) (she / go / out)

3. I can't find my umbrella. Have you seen it?

a (it / be / in the car)

b (you / leave / in the restaurant last night)

4. Why didn't Tom answer the doorbell? I'm sure he was in the house at the time.

a) (he / be / in the bath)

b) (he / not / hear / the bell)

3.2* Complete the sentences using might not or couldn't:

1. A: Do you think she saw you? B: No, she was too far away. She couldn’t have seen me.

2. A: I wonder why she didn't say hello. Perhaps she didn't see me. B: That's possible. She might not have seen you.

3. A: I wonder why Ann didn't come to the party. Perhaps she wasn't invited. B Yes, it's possible. She ____.

4. A: Tom loves parties. I'm sure he would have come to the party if he'd been invited. B: I agree. He ____.

5. A: I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident? B: No, the police say it ____.

6. A: How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident. B: Well, the police aren't sure. They say it ____.

4. Needn’t have done

We use needn’t have done to express the action, which was performed, but it was unnecessary. Do not confuse needn’t have done and didn’t need to! Study the following examples:

e.g. I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t. OR: I didn’t need to get up early, but it was a lovely morning, so I did.

e.g. I got up early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn’t take me long to get ready. So, I needn’t have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.

4.1* Read the situations and make sentences with needn't have:

1. George went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn't rain. – He needn’t have taken an umbrella.

2. Ann bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs.

3. A friend got angry with you and shouted at you. You think this was unnecessary. Later you say to him/her: You ____.

4. Brian had no money, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery.

5. When we went on holiday, we took the camera with us but we didn't use it in the end.

6. I thought I was going to miss my train so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait 20 minutes.

4.2* Write two sentences for each situation. Use needn't have in the first sentence and could have in the second (as in the example):

1. Why did you rush? Why didn't you take your time? – You needn’t have rushed. You could have taken your time.

2. Why did you walk home? Why didn't you take a taxi?

3. Why did you stay at a hotel? Why didn't you stay with us?

4. Why did she phone me in the middle of the night? Why didn't she phone me in the morning?

4.3* Write didn't need to or needn't have and the correct form of the verb to complete these sentences:

1. I didn’t need to catch (catch) the bus this morning, because Vic gave me a lift.

2. I needn’t have lent (lend) him that money. I found out later that he had already borrowed all the money he wanted.

3. I _____________ (do) that homework - the teacher didn't even look at it.

4. I ____________ (take) a tent, because I knew I could hire one at the campsite.

5. You _____________ (buy) such an expensive present, but I'm very glad that you did.

6. I ____________ (take) any money: they had already told me that it wasn't necessary.

7. I ___________ (count) the money: they had already told me that it was done automatically.

8. I ___________ (work) so hard for my exams: they were much easier than I expected them to be.

9. I __________ (get up) so early: I had forgotten it was Saturday.

10. I had some friends in the town, so I _______________ (stay) in a hotel.

11. I __________ (water) the flowers; I could see that Anne had already done it.

12. You ___________ (cook) supper for me; I've already had something to eat.

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