Science in Russia

The Russians made a great contribution to world science. Peter I founded the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences as early as 1724. It is there that the great scientist Lomonosov worked in the fields of physics, chemistry, astronomy and the foundation of the Russian literary language. The peoples of our country produced many geniuses such as D.I. Mendeleyev who gave the world the Periodic Table of Elements, mathematicians like N.I. Lobachevsky who is known all over the world as “Copernicus of Geometry” and many others.

The peoples of Russia are rightly proud of scientists like A.S. Popov, who invented the radio, A.N. Lodygin, who produced the electric lamp, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who was the founder of the modern theory of space rockets. Among the peominent scientists we must also mention the names of I.I. Mechnikov, N.N. Zinin, S.V. Lebedev, I.Z. Kondakov, Academician I.P. Pavlov and many others whose names are known far and wide.

Our scientists and inventors have enriched science and technology with many outstanding achievements which enable them to solve the most complex problems. Many inventions have not only brought fame to our science, but also rank among the greatest achievements of mankind.

The development of the theory of chain reactions is linked with the name of the Russian scientist N.N. Semyonov, a Nobel Prize winner, N.D. Zelynsky’s works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical compounds.

Space research has opened a new era of scientific knowledge. It is in our country that the first artificial satellite for the research in outer space was launched. It was created by the Academician S.P. Korolev, and it was Yury Gagarin who accomplished the first space flight.

Academicians I.V. Koorchatov and G.N. Flerov made a great contribution to the development of the theory of the construction of the atom. It was in our country that the first atomic power station in the world was built and the first atom-powered ice-breaker was launched. Our scientists, engineers and workers have done a lot in order to ensure that the energy of the atom should bring people well-being and prosperity instead of terror and death.

Exercise VII. Побеседуйте по-английски с коллегой о проводимых вами исследо­ваниях. Используйте следующие вопросы и утверждения:

What methods do you apply in your research? And why?

What are you going to prove in your research?

How can you formulate your hypothesis?

How do you plan your experiments?

How often do you record data during the experiment? (every hour, every two hours, etc).

What instruments and equipment do you use in your investigation? And why?

What views and data can your experiments (or research) prove or refute?

What illustrations are you preparing to demonstrate the results of your investi­gation?

What conclusions will you make if the results of your research are posi­tive/negative?

What are the merits and demerits of the investigation that you have already car­ried out?

How will you continue your investigation? And why?

The hypothesis fits experimental data.

The research probes in the various aspects of the subject.

We experimented with the new materials.

We hope to find the answer to this problem.

The work was subjected to criticism.

Out of his work came a substantial knowledge.

The theory and the results are too extensive to be given here.

The experimental results were analyzed with the help of high-speed computing machines.

I am afraid I don't know for certain if there are any direct (adequate, reliable) data regarding... I believe some information is available though I don't know what it is...

Yes, as far as we know there are some very interesting and, I dare say, very encouraging data about..., though at the moment I am not quite prepared to speak about them in detail.

Well, there must be rather adequate data at present since studies of the prob­lem have been in progress for several years now (have long been under way)...

What is the problem you are investigating now (interested in)?

What does it deal with?

What is the core of the problem?

Is it sufficiently studied?

Does it involve certain difficulties?

What aspects does it include?

What kind of problem does it refer to?

Does the problem require a great deal of investigation?

Has it been discussed for a long time or is it a newly raised problem?

Is there a lot of information on this problem?

What foreign literature have you read on the problem?

Will it take much time to clear up all the aspects of the problem?

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