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Text 4. Airport congestion




TEXT 3

TEXT2. AIRPORT CAPACITY

TEXT 1. TERMINAL DESIGN

The number of levels (floors) for processing passengers and baggage in a terminal building depends on the volume of traffic to be handled. For small volumes of traffic the one-level-operation terminal building has been designed. Here the processing of passengers and baggage takes place at the same level as the apron, and the entire layout is quite simple.

Two-level-operation terminals have been designed and are being built at high-traffic-volume airports. In this type of operation the arriving and departing passengers are separated.

The departing passengers are usually processed on the upper level, and the arriving passengers - on the lower level. The fingers leading to the aircraft are Also above the level of the apron. The principal advantage of this system is that the congestion in the flow of passengers and baggage can be reduced considerably.

VOCABULARY CHECK

Make sure that you know the words: floor, two-level operation, volume of traffic, terminal building, design, processing, layout, apron, arrive, depart, separate, congestion.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Translate text 1. Answer the questions:

1. What does the number of terminal building levels depend on?

2. Where are departing passengers usually processed? Why?

GRAMMAR CHECK

Name and analyze the use of tense-forms in text 1.

 

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Say a few words about the airport design.

The configuration of runways, the main and exit taxiways is an important clement which influences the capacity of an airport. Exit taxiways are quite Important for clearing landing aircraft from runways rapidly. Lack of space for loading and unloading in the terminal area will result in delays and the number of operations an airport can handle in a peak period will be limited.

Weather conditions have a profound effect on airport capacity as well. The capacity of an airport during poor visibility conditions is usually less than in load visibility conditions.

Besides, the number and types of navigation aids available to pilots and controllers influence airport capacity. The development of computers aids controllers in processing aircraft at a more rapid rate.

VOCABULARY CHECK

Make sure that you know the following words: capacity, runway, taxiway, loading, handle, peak period, visibility conditions, navigation aids, controller.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Tell what is understood by the term “airport capacity”.

 

GRAMMAR CHECK

Name all the tense-forms in text 2.

If an airport is to handle large volumes of international and domestic passenger traffic, a three-level-operation terminal building may be useful and necessary, where the international and domestic passengers are processed on separate levels. One level can be used only for international passengers, one level for domestic passengers, and the ground level for baggage and service facilities.

Arrangement for the efficient handling of baggage constitutes an essential part of processing passengers. An ideal arrangement is one in which the baggage is ready and waiting for arriving passengers as they reach the baggage claim area.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Translate text 3. Entitle the text.

 

GRAMMAR CHECK

Put five questions on text 3.

 

DIALOGUE 1

- Shall we discuss the functions of the terminal building?

- Yes. Firstly, I'll just mention a variety of activities any airline. needs space for:

- passenger and baggage-handling (processing) counters such as ticket counters (booking offices), check-in counters;

- baggage claim area or luggage retrieval;

- an information counter (inquiry office), and information board; - telecommunication facilities;

- mail express and light cargo processing; - flight catering activities; - crew rest facilities;

 

- mail express and light cargo processing;

- flight catering activities;

- crew rest facilities;

- Thank you, I see. I'll try to remember all this. And what should I know

when speaking about facilities for the convenience of passengers?

- Will you define them yourself?

- I'll try to. First of all it is a central hall where passengers may rest while

waiting for their flights.

- Right you are. It is called «lounge» or «lobby», or «concourse» (an American term).

- So first of all it is the central lobby. There may be situated duty-free shop, various gift shops and newstands, a post-office department, public telephones, a first-aid room, chemist's... What else? Will you prompt me?

- Look at this layout of halls at a typical airport.

- There are also: hairdresser's, mother-and-child room (a nursery for passengers with small children), toilets, left-luggage department, luggage lockers, lost and found.

- In the terminal there are also facilities for dispensing food (restaurants, cafes, snack-bars) where passengers can have their meals.

- I see that this airport has two halls: an arrival hall (for those who arrive) ond a departure hall (for those who leave).

- Yes, and there is also a transit hall for transit passengers. Besides, being an international airport and serving international traffic this airport has also customs inspection, passport and health control.

- You haven't mentioned currency exchange.

- Oh, yes.

VOCABULARY CHECK

Make sure that you can name all the services carried out in the terminal building.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Answer the following questions:

1. What conveniences for passengers are provided in the terminal

building?

2. What activities are performed by airlines in the terminal building?

3. What additional facilities are provided for at an international airport?

 

SHORT DIALOGUES

 

1. – What time does Flight 68 arrive in Kiev?

– Flight 68 arrives in Kiev at 11.00.

 

What airport, please?

- Borispol.

- It can't be delayed, can it?

- It arrives without delay, in proper time.

2. - Where should I check-in?

- The second counter on your right. The flight number is indicated above the counter.

- Thank you. And where is a currency exchange office?

- Turn right when you go out of this door. Then you'll see the staircase. Go upstairs and you'll have it on your left.

- Thank you.

3. - Will you show me the way to the terrace to see the airfield? - It is upstairs.

- Where are the stairs?

- The staircase is in the centre of the concourse, sir. You can see it from there.

- Is a transit hall also upstairs?

- No, it is on the ground floor. Turn right on the next corner. - Thank you for information.

4. - Will you tell me how much time <<there is before the check-in dead-line? - The check-in dead line is 40 minutes prior to the scheduled departure. So you have 10 minutes left.

- Thank you. I'd like to buy some newspapers or magazines to read during; the flight. Where are the newsstands?

- Over there. But don't be late. We're finishing check-in. But they propose shopping on board. During your flight you can do some duty-free shopping, including periodicals.

- Oh, thank you. I won't risk and I'll follow your advice.

5. - Where is the baggage claim area?

- It is in the left wing of this building, over there,

- Where have I put my baggage claim tags? Let me think. - Don't worry and try to remember.

- Oh, here they are, in my pocket. Here you are. Thank you. What kind of transportation have they between the airport and the centre of the city? - There are airlines buses. It will take you some 30 minutes to get there b~ bus. The charge is reasonable. There are also taxi-ranks but I recommend going by bus.

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Ask directions as if you want to reach some point or to find some facilities al the airport. Ask for some information about the flights or the airport design.

Total airport capacity is controlled by three basic elements: runway, apron and terminal capacity. A shortfall in any single element can create congestion problems despite the capacity of the others. Thus, a balanced capacity system is essential.

Attaining this capacity balance, as many airports find out, is easier said than done. IATA already has declared Tokyo Narita, Osaka, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Sydney and Bombay - Asia/Pacific's main gateways - as being the {110s1 congested. Queues at airport counters are growing every year and peak­hour delays are being reported with increasing frequency as aircraft wait for ATC clearance.

It is generally agreed that Tokyo Narita is the region's most congested airport. Realizing that airport- capacity is the main block to its widely publicized,10 million tourist-export program, the Japanese government is pushing ahead with plans to expand Tokyo Haneda and Osaka Kansai, the Osaka airport being taken offshore to overcome noise and environmental restrictions. The 44-by-125 km Island on which it is built on a seabed reclaimed with garbage generated from the Kansai area, has hotels and a conference center.

 

GRAMMAR CHECK

1. Analyse the functions of the infinitive in text 4.

 

2. UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Answer the following questions:

1. What elements control total airport capacity?

2. What is meant by «congestion»?

3, What measures can be taken to solve the airport capacity problem?

 

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

1. Convey the gist of the text.

2. Describe the vehicle park of an airport using the following names of means of transport with the help of which regular work is organized atthe landingand terminal areas of an airport and some congestion problemsgo solved.Vehicles: refueling vehicle (tanker), snow-cleaning vehicle, toilet­cleaning vehicle, fire-fighting vehicle, towing vehicle (aircraft tractor, aircraft tug), water tanker, galley loader, baggage loader, ground power unit.

 

TEXT 5. PLANNING AND FINANCING AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION

Airport planning could become the core for city planning. For a new city you must have an adequate airport.

The airport itself is expected to cost in the neighbourhood of $ 4-5 billion. with the total project, airport plus infrastructure, costing twice that.

Financing for the construction is through both private and government channels, with the private sector paying as much as 40-60%. It is expected that sections that can be financially profitable, such as air cargo and maintenance facilities, will be funded almost totally through private enterprise. The bridges also are expected to be funded privately, with investors being repaid through tolls.

The payback rate is very slow in the early years, which makes it hard to get financing.

 

GRAMMAR CHECK

Find and analyse all constructions with the infinitive and the participle. Translate the sentences with them.

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Say what text 5 is about.

TEXT 6. IATA TRAINING COURSE

A. At a time when billions of dollars will be spent on a new airport infrastructure, it is important that the airlines have planners with the skills to ensure that airport capital costs are kept to a minimum and the new terminals are efficiently designed for airline operations.

While the provision of airport infrastructure is usually the responsibility of' governments, airline requirements must be taken into consideration in the development of the airport development plans. The IATA Airport Planning and Operations course is intended to provide the necessary basic training to airline staff with a technical background. Its content includes:

- Airport Master Planning, Airport Traffic Characteristics.

- Passenger Terminal Functions and Concepts, Passenger Service Standards and Quality of Service, Passenger Terminal Capacity Analysis, Passenger Check-in and Baggage Systems.

 

TEXT 7. KYIV BORISPIL AIRPORT

 

After Borispil Airport reconstruction Kyiv (and Ukraine) today possesses a modern and efficient airport.

The Reconstruction Project was developed and organized under a turn-key partnership between IPM (Independent Project Limited), an Isle of Man-based company and the MDA Group Contract Division, an Irish Company.

Financing for the Project was provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), first Ukrainian Bank and UKR EXIM Bank.

The loan from the EBRD was its first to Ukraine, and its first for any transport project in the CIS.

The project involved a complete renovation of the existing passenger facilities, with a significant increase in the space allocated to international passengers.

The refurbished and modernized International Airport is capable of handling 600-700 passenger departures per hour, or a total traffic of approximately 2.5 - 3 million passengers per year. Under the most likely scenarios for future traffic growth, this will be sufficient to handle future passenger traffic at the airport through at least the year 2010.

New departure gates have been created,connected via enclosed link-ways to 2 airbridges, with a ramp descending to the apron for those passengers boarding planes via buses.

Baggage of departing passengers proceeds from the check-in area via one of two conveyors to the new baggage processing area. Along the way, baggage passes through an on-line security X-ray system, thus making Borispil Airport one of the first airports in the world to comply fully with the new ICAO standards on 100% hold baggage screening.

International arrivals have been moved from the previous international terminal to the ground floor of the Ukraine Hall, providing a considerable increase in space available for immigration and customs processing, and baggage retrieval. Two new baggage carousels in the arrival's area ensure that passengers receive their baggage in a timely and efficient manner.

A computerized Flight Information Display System (FIDS) has been installed, with a large departures and arrivals board in the main public area. A large number of new electronic signs (in both Ukrainian and English) have also been installed, providing clear instructions to both departing and arriving passengers, as well as to the visitors to the Airport.

There is also coach service between Borispil and Downtown Kyiv (Hotel Rus & Metro Station «Levoberezhnaya»).

Coaches now operate to meet all departures and arrivals of Ukraine International Airlines flights at Borispil Airport and each coach journey has been allocated a «PS» flight number.

Subsequently, all passengers travelling with Ukraine International Airlines to/from Kyiv may now book not just their flight but also a seat on the coach.

And, once a reservation has been made, a ticket for the coach journey can be issued at the same time as the air ticket.

 

VOCABULARY CHECK

Pick out all the terms which can be used to describe passenger and baggage processing, airport design and services.

GRAMMAR CHECK

Put 10 questions on the text.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Answer the following questions:

l. Why and how was the reconstruction of Borispil Airport organized?

2. What are the main characteristics of the Project and what advantages

did it provide?

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES.

Describe Borispil Airport after reconstruction.

 

TEXT 8

The Hong Kong International airport is «built on the land taken from the on, It has only one runway which provides take-off and landing in two direct­ions. The length of the runway is 3390 meters. The runway is connected with ft main taxiway by the high speed taxiways. A number of connecting taxiop provide link between the runway, apron or maintenance and cargo areas. 110 airport is equipped with modern radio and navigation systems which provide the efficiency of air traffic control. Traffic control of the Hong Kong is a complex task because of the number of aircraft handled and the 40 that there is only one runway. To solve this problem the airport installed A trawl Ground Movement Control System which will improve the control problem and ground safety.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Translate text 8.

Entitle the text. Put 2 key questions on the text.

 

TEXT 9

There are 551 airports in Columbia of which 11 are used by international d11i) aviation. Of land aerodromes 194 plus five heliports are open to public M, 352 aerodromes are private. Bogota Eldorado is the principal aerodrome IWt C0lumbia for international flight operations. Jose Maria Cordova ranks 416ttd in size and traffic to Bogota. It is located 36 km Southeast of Medellin ad was inaugurated in 1986. The airport serves annually more than 2.5milion passengers - international and domestic. Eight national and four rational airlines serve the new airport, The airport provides 24-hour 1i1dOe and is designed to accommodate all current types of aircraft. The terminal building is designed to facilitate safe and economic transfer d passengers and cargo between aircraft and ground transport. The very modern building is of semicircular shape with two independent levels: the (I111 for arrivals, the second for departures. The two-level access road matches the two-level terminal. A parking lot at the lower level can accommodate 800 cars with only a short walking distance to the terminal building.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Translate text 9. Entitle it. Put 3 key questions on the text.

 

TEXT 10. MAJOR AIRPORTS IN FRANCE

Although Paris ranks N° 7 in the world in airline passenger traffic - be­hind New York, Chicago, London, Atlante, Dallas and Los Angeles - officials of Aerports de Paris (ADP), the public establishment that runs Orlv and Charles de Gaulle airports, like to say that in terms of international traffic, Paris is N°2 in the world.

The two Paris airports handled 45 million international passengers last year, having it not far behind London, the world leader, with 48.7 million passengers last year. According to officials, Paris already is the leader in terms of international connections. Some 2000 airlines, 103 scheduled, carry passengers out of Paris to. 232 destinations around the world.

ADP is even prouder of the way in which Paris has grown as an interna­tional venue these past few years, with passenger traffic having increased more than 10% for three straight years. ADP plans to bring more passengers to its airports than ever, aiming at a total of 110 million by the year 2010.

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Look through text 10 for figures and say what they express.

 

TEXT 11. COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS IN AIRPORTS

An important factor in the success of the international airport is the large­scale application of the latest scientific and technological innovations.

New systems and electronic computers have been introduced in all the services. For example, the automated system for navigational estimation, de­veloped jointly by the computing centre, traffic control and flight navigation departments of the administration, ensures the issue of navigation parameters of flight and the choice of fuel-saving flight patterns for each plane taking off from the airport.

Computers also select parking places for aircraft taxiing into the terminal, calculate the most economical space for each plane and relay its co-ordinates to the ground control display. Thanks to the reduction in the taxiing time of heavy aircraft ensured by this system, the airport can save more than one thousand tons of aviation fuel a year.

The freight terminal in airport guarantees quick and efficient handling of ergo.

IIts automated system of information on cargo in international air transit GMA) monitors the passage of cargo from the moment of reservation to Ivery.

Much attention is paid to computerized information means. Alongside With such systems as Sinar, Avia, etc. the automated complexes are designed ad the basis of «Visinform» and principally new «Telesin» - an indicator of 46ts available.

GRAMMAR CHECK

Find and analyse all the participles. Name all -ing forms.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Translate text 11. Put 5 key questions on the text.

,, TEXT 12. COMPUTERS ARE VITAL TO FLIGHT SAFETY

Computers collect and analyse more data about potential aircraft designs AM business plans than human beings could ever manage in a practical sense. But aviation computer power doesn't stop there.

'Consider the actual flight. Advanced technology enables the pilot to send

commands to the onboard computers simply by applying slight pressure to the rA14 pedal and throttle. The computers, in turn, combine these commands With sensor data on the aircrafts speed, altitude, angle of attack, and stress.

These complex computers calculate the engine power and surface move gap needed to implement the pilot's instructions. The computers then make

nuous, minute adjustments in the aircrafts control surfaces to keep the 4OW stable throughout the manoeuvre. These adjustments occur millions of it per second, giving the pilot smoother control of the aircraft.

AMuatments are also made for headwinds and other variables. These changers allow an aircraft to reach its destination on time, with greater comfort and fuel economy.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Translate text 12.

 

TEXT 13. KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIROPORT

The Kansai Airport was constructed on a 551- hectare artificial island created in the Bay of Osaka.The official reason for the island site is the fact it reduces the noise problem and environmental damage and allows round-­the-clock operations.

The airport, located 5 km offshore,is equipped with one 3,500-metre runway which is able to handle a maximum of 160.000 Flights a year predicated on 24-hour operation. These figures indicate a handling capacity of 25 million passengers per year, with a probable breakdown of 10 million international and 12 million domestic passengers. The centre of the island features a pas­senger terminal building with an adjacent 740-room hotel and shopping centre. Other facilities include a domestic and international cargo area, main­tenance facilities, railway station, harbour and oil tanker berth.

The passenger terminal building was designed by a consortium of French, Italian and Japanese companies, and incorporates a terminal concept proposed by the Aeroports de Paris. The design provides for a fourth (top) level for international departures (including check-in and security), a third level for immigration and an international departure concourse, a second level for do­mestic arrivals and departures and a lower level for international arrivals. Two long wings stretch out from the terminal building giving the structure a total length of 1.660 meter. The passengers for international flights are shutt­led to and from two stations in each of the wings with an automated guideway transportation (AGT) shuttle system. The terminal has a total of 41 gate positions, 30 for international flights in the laterate wings and 11 for domestic flights closer to the centre of the terminal building. Of these 11 domestic bates, six can be changed to handling international passenger flights, thereby enabling a flexible response to changes in demand.

The opening of this airport affected traffic flows considerably because Kansai is the only major

gateway in Japan with easy transfers between domestic and international flights.

Access to the airport island is possible by three modes of transportation. The airport island is connected to land with a 3.7S-km-long double-level bridge: on the upper level there is a six-lane highway, and below is a railway. The way from the airport to the centre of Osaka takes approximately one hour by train or bus. The third transport link is by high-speed boat, which takes about 30 minutes to cover the 30 km to the Kobe City Air 'I'erminnl, where check-in of passengers and luggage is available. Cargo handling is available at the cargo area of the airport itself, but there are also cargo terminal services at three mainland points: Osaka (Nanko), Kobe (Rokko) and in the «rinku» or «link town>> on the other side of the connecting bridge.

 

VOCABULARY CHECK

Make sure that you know the following word combinations from text 13.

Trade surplus, high-yielding passengers, low-yielding passengers, inbound (outbound) cargo, freight tonne-kilometres performed, offshore, artificial dbnd, round-the-clock operation, handling capacity, maintenance facilities, 011 tanker berth, automated guideway transportation shuttle system, six-lane highghway.

 

GRAMMAR CHECK

Find sentences with the Passive Voice. Explain the use of the tense-forms.

 

UNDERSTANDING CHECK

Answer the following questions:

1. Where was Kansai airport constructed?

2. What are the advantages of the offshore. airport?

3. What is the handling capacity of the airport?

4. What facilities has Kansai airport?

5. Who was the passenger terminal building designed by?

6. What levels does the passenger terminal building include?

7. How many gate-positions has the airport?

8. What modes of transportation is the airport Island connected to land

with?

 

 

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Describe Kansai airport in 5-6 simple sentences.

 




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