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Nominal WG




Verbal WG.

In verbal WG the role of prepositions is more important in English than in Russian and there are 2 reasons for it:

1. In English mostly prepositions are used to express syntactic links.

2. Prepositions can change the lexical meaning of the verb (phrasal verbs).

The valency of the same word in Eng. and Rus. can be different and it can result in mistakes while teaching. The verb “help” in Eng. requires an object: “help smb do smth”. But in Rus. it is possible to use it without an object. “remind of” - we can't use “remind” without “of”. In Rus. – напоминать о чем-то, но и напоминать кого-то.

Typical models of verbal WG.

Some of them are allomorphic, some are isomorphic.

Verbal: Both: V N (писал письмо, wrote a letter), V prepN (go to school, ходить в школу), V D (D-adverb) (run quickly, бежал быстро), V Vinf (like to read, любить читать), VVing (любить чтение, like reading), VA (сидел усталый, fell weak) Eng: VNVinf (want smb to do smth, saw him run), VprepNVinf (rely on smb to do smth)

In English in some verbal WG pronoun “it” should be used as an empty object. e.g. I find it strange.

 

AN:

It is the most frequent pattern. They are basically the same in 2 languages but inRussianthe attribute is used before the noun even if it is expressed by a very long phrase: богатая полезными ископаемыми страна - a country rich in natural resources. In English the adjective must precede the noun immediately, so the attributive group must be used post-positively.

NVinf:

In English this pattern is much more frequent than in Russian. Any English noun can be followed by the infinitive. e.g. a room to live, a cake to eat. In Russian only several words with modal meaning are used in this pattern. Решение отметить, стремление жить, желание выиграть.

NprepN:

It is absolutely isomorphic. The book on the shelf, книга на полке.

NN:

These patterns are wide different in Rus. and Eng. In Eng the second noun is the head: a summer dress, while in Rus. the head is the 1st component: отец друга.

N'sN:

Typical only of English. Has some grammar peculiarities. If the head has several attributes, the noun in possessive case should be used at the very beginning (Frost’s early poems). But there are some words that are called predetermines - both, all, half, most (all John's books). In Rus. the idea is expressed in different construction.

ND:

Isomorphic (absolutely): a sit behind, место сзади

 

Adjectival WG:

AN:

In Russian the adjective as the head is placed before the noun, like богатый нефтью, полный воды. In English the equivalent expressions are usually expressed by prepositional groups: rich in oil, full of water. In English the pattern NA is used and the A is the head: a bit tired, colour blind.

AA:

Is typical of English only, and it denotes the intensity of colour: dark green, light blue, which corresponds to composite words in Russian: темно-зеленый.

AprepN:

Is isomorphic: зависимый от чего-то, dependent on smth.

AVinf:

Has some specific features. Clever to answer, quick to follow. In Russian adjectives with the modal meaning: готовый помочь, желающий помочь.

 

Adverbial WG:

DA:

**adverbial WG are mostly isomorphic. In both languages adverbs are divided into 2 types:

· regular that are used both with adjective and verbs, e.g.: unreasonably cruel (did it unreasonably)

· adverbs/intensifiers: a little/pretty good, довольно, гораздо, слегка

Sometimes both types of adverbs are used in the same group and in this case they constitute the adverbial type: very distinctly (DD)

 

 

Sentence analysis

Typology of the sentence.

  1. typology of sentence parts
  2. sentence types in Russian and E

 

Comparison of sentence parts in two languages.

Russian and English as well as all IE languages belong to nominative ones. It means that the subject is expressed by the Nominative case irrespective of the type of predicate. Besides in such languages the predicate acquires the formal sign of the subject because of their agreement (He reads). At the same time it is possible to single out some constructions that are contradictory to nominative structure. These are rudiments of the ancient IE language where subject-object relations were expressed in many ways. In Russian, e.g., there exists the so-called Dative construction where the logical subject is expressed by Dative case: мне холодно, тепло, кажется. Mainly they express physical or moral state.

If we compare the equivalents in different languages we find differences, I’m cold – мне холодно – ich bin kalt. Мне трудно – It is difficult for me – Es ist schwer für mich.

In Eng. there is also a case of Dative construction which is still used like “it pleases me” instead of “I like it”.

One more type of Russian sentences is in contradiction with nominative structure. The logical subject here is used in Instrumental case like “его убило молнией”, “солдата ранило пулей”.




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