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Read the following text and say in what way modern terrorism differs from that of the past




Reading

Watch the pronunciation of the following words and phrases

Pronunciation

Discuss the following questions in groups of 3 or 4. Share your ideas with the class.

Warm-up

Part 3. Use and Practice of Terrorism

Writing

Discuss the following questions in groups. Share your ideas with the class.

Talking Point

1. Do you agree with the opinion that the statement, “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter,” has become a cliché, but is also one of the most difficult obstacles in coping with terrorism?

2. Why is it so difficult to coordinate international collaboration in the struggle against terrorism?

3. Are government terrorism and resistance terrorism part of the same phenomenon? Can we separate “terrorism” from “revolutionary violence,” ”national liberation,” etc.?

4. Discuss as a class what issues in the definition of terrorism remain unresolved.

 

Write a short essay, commenting on the statement “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter”. Find your own examples to prove your viewpoint.

 

1. What problems of modern world do you consider most vital today? Have they emerged recently for long?

2. How old is the problem of terrorism?

3. Where and who has terrorism been practiced by?

4. What are the aims of terrorists? How do they try to attain them?

1. to intimidate

2. adversaries

3. nationalistic and ethnic groups

4. adherents

5. to assassinate

6. electrically detonated explosives

7. lethality

8. religious denominations

9. cyber space

10. to access

11. to destabilize societies

12. Palestine

13. Israel

14. Catholics

15. Malaysia

16. Indonesia

Terrorism has been practiced throughout history and throughout the world. It may be defined as a systematic use of violence against governments, governmental or public institutions or individuals with the aim of intimidating adversaries to attain a political objective. Terrorism has been resorted to by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and ethnic groups, by revolutionaries, and by the armies and secret police of the governments themselves.

In the later half of the 19th century terrorism frequently emerged in direct response to repression and was adopted by adherents of anarchism in Western Europe, Russia and the United States. They believed that the best way to effect revolutionary and political change was to assassinate persons in positions of power.

The 20th century witnessed great changes in the use and practice of terrorism. It became the hallmark of a number of political movements stretching from the extreme right to the extreme left of the political spectrum. Technological advances such as automatic weapons and compact, electrically detonated explosives gave terrorists a new mobility and lethality.

It has been used by one or both sides in anti-colonial conflicts (Ireland in the United Kingdom, Algeria and France, Vietnam and France, then disputes between national groups over possessions of a contested homeland (Palestine and Israel), in conflicts between different religious denominations (Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland), and in internal conflicts between revolutionary forces and established governments (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Argentina, etc.).

Terrorism’s public impact has been greatly magnified by the use of modern communication media. Any act of violence is certain to attract television coverage, which brings the event directly into millions of homes and exposes viewers to the terrorists’ demands, grievances, or political goals. Although technology aids in the defense against terrorism, it also provides terrorists with increased opportunities.

Terrorists can operate in cyber space and access all but the most secure data banks, destroy or manipulate information for their own purposes. Access to police and other security files can keep terrorists one step ahead of their government opponents.

Modern terrorism differs from that of the past because its victims are frequently innocent civilians who are picked at random or who merely happen into terrorist situations. Extremists’ violent acts include kidnappings, assassinations, skyjackings and hijackings, bombings and taking hostages. Future terrorism is likely to include higher than ever levels of violence.

The threat of terrorism is ever present and an attack is likely to occur when least expected. Modern terrorism often drives target selection: the greater the symbolic value of the target is, the more public impact the attack brings to the terrorists and the more fear it generates. Anyone, anywhere in the world, can be the target of a terrorist act, indiscriminate but calculated to create a climate of terror and to destabilize societies and states.

Seeking government concessions and more spectacular attacks, terrorists may poison water supplies or create ecological disasters by starting fires and causing chemical spills. They set up bases where states are weak; they find support among people whose economic, social and political situation breeds hatred and despair or hatred. At the same time the use the most important means of communication and the most sophisticated ways to conceal their financial activities.

(abridged from The Guardian)

 




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