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Watch the pronunciation of the following words from the text

Pronunciation

Discuss the following questions in pairs. Share your ideas with the class.

Warm-up

Part 4. Types of Terrorism

1. Have you heard about any classifications of terrorism7?

2. What types of terrorism are known to you? Give examples.

 

  1. diverse
  2. typology
  3. apartheid
  4. to disavow
  5. prolific
  6. anthrax
  7. botulism
  8. the plague
  9. smallpox
  10. tularemia
  11. hemorrhagic fever
  12. to sabotage
  13. to disperse

 

 

Text 1. “Classifications of Terrorism”

Read the text and say what types of terrorism are mentioned in the text. Compare the types mentioned in the text with your own list. Are they the same?

Various attempts have been made to distinguish between types of terrorist activities. However, it is vital to understand that there are many kinds of terrorist movements, and no single theory can cover them all. Not only are the objectives, members, beliefs, and resources of groups engaged in terrorism extremely diverse, but so are the political contexts of their campaigns. One popular typology identifies three broad classes of terrorism: revolutionary, subrevolutionary and establishment.

Revolutionary terrorism is the most common form. Practitioners of this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition of a political system and its replacement with new structures. Modern instances of such activity include campaigns by the Italian Red Brigades, the Basque separatist group ETA, each of which attempted to topple a national regime.

Subrevolutionary terrorism is rather less common. It is used not to overthrow an existing regime but to modify the existing sociopolitical structure. Since this modification is often accomplished through the threat of deposing the existing regime, subrevolutionary groups are more difficult to identify. An example can be seen in the ANC and its campaign to end apartheid in South Africa.

Establishment terrorism, often called state or state-sponsored terrorism is resorted to by governments, or more often by factions within governments, against that government’s citizens, against factions within the government, or against foreign governments or groups. This type of terrorism is very common. Different Muslim countries (Iran, Syria) provided logistical support and financial aid to Islamic revolutionary groups engaged in campaigns against Israel, the United States and some other Muslim countries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The persistent element of all forms of establishment terrorism is that of secrecy. States seek to disavow their active involvement in such acts, both to evade international censure and to avoid political and military retribution by those they target.

Another classification was worked out by American researches in the 1970s. By that time terrorist groups had begun to use such techniques as hijackings, bombings, diplomatic kidnapping and assassination to assert their demands and attain their objectives. For the first time they appeared as real menace to Western democracies. According to this classification types of terrorism are divided into: state (state-sponsored terrorism), bioterrorism, cyberterrorism, ecoterrorism, nuclear terrorism and narcoterrorism.

State terrorism. Many definitions of terrorism restrict it to acts by non-state actors. However, it can also be argued that states can be and have been terrorists. States can use force or the threat of force, without declaring war, to terrorize citizens and attain political goals. Germany under Nazi rule was described in this way.

It has also been argued that states participate in international terrorism. The USA considers Iran the most prolific sponsor of terrorism because Iran arms groups, such as Hezbollah, help carry out its foreign policy objectives.

 

Bioterrorism. It refers to the international release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians, in the name of a political or another cause. The US Centre for Disease Control has classified the viruses, bacteria and toxins that could be used in an attack. Category A “Biological Diseases” are those which are likely to do the most damage. They include: anthrax, botulism, the plague, smallpox, tularemia, hemorrhagic fever.

 

Cyberterrorism. It is the use of information technology to attack civilians and draw attention to their cause. So cyberterrorists use computer systems and telecommunications as a tool to orchestrate a traditional attack. More often cyberterrorism refers to an attack on information technology itself in a way that would radically disrupt networked services. For example, cyberterrorists could disable networked emergency systems or hack into networks housing critical financial information.

 

Ecoterrorism. It is a term describing violence in the interests of environmentalism. Environmental extremists sabotage property to inflict economic damage on industries or actors they see as harming animals or the natural environment.

 

Nuclear terrorism. This type of terrorism refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist tactic. These include attacking nuclear facilities, purchasing nuclear weapons, building nuclear weapons or finding ways to disperse radioactive materials.

 

Narcoterrorism. It has had several meanings. It once denoted violence used by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent governments’ efforts to stop the drug state. In the last several years, narcoterrorism has been used to indicate situations in which terrorist groups use drug trafficking to fund other operations.

 




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