From Paganism to Christianity

1) Prince Vladimir ruled Russia in 980-1015 and was popularly known as Vladimir the Red Sun. He was the son of Svyatoslav and Princess Olga's housekeeper Malusha. Kiev was Russia's capital at the time, and the Kievan throne was contested by Svyatoslav's законнорожденными сыновьями Yaropolk and Oleg. In 970 Vladimir was sent to Novgorod as Svyatoslav's vice-regent. When Svyatoslav died in 972, and the conflict …….. Yaropolk and Oleg вспыхнул в открытое противостояние, Vladimir's geographical location in the north enabled him to appeal to the Vikings who had played an active part in Russian politics for more ……. a century.

2) This was a time when Russia угрожали the Pechenegs, кочевые племена ……. the east. Vladimir proved to be the ruler who united the Slav tribes in the struggle …… the nomadic invaders. His first action in Kiev was избавиться от the Vikings whose support he had enjoyed. ……, however, he did not get rid of them …… but sent them ……. to different towns and ……. to the Byzantine Empire. A gifted military leader, Vladimir headed a series of campaigns against tribes in the outlying areas кто отказывался подчиняться его правилам in the first half of the 980s.

3) In 986, ……. popular legend, the Kievan court was visited by several delegations from different countries, …….. of which offered Russia its religion for adoption. Russia, which worshipped its own heathen gods at the time, could choose between Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy. As the chronicles alleged, a Greek missionary had sown the seeds of Christianity in Vladimir's soul. On the advice of boyars and elders, Vladimir sent envoys to different countries to test each religion, and Greek Orthodoxy оказалось лучшим. Apparently, the Russian visitors were impressed by the splendor of the service ritual in Constantinople and the beautiful singing.

4) The final adoption of Christianity by Russia is associated with Vladimir's military successes in the south. It is not quite clear why the expedition against Chersonesus in the Crimea led to Vladimir's baptism. Vladimir's political aims in the south were furthered by his marriage to the Byzantine Emperor's sister Anne. The ceremony occurred in Chersonesus in 988 and was followed by the wedding in 989. Upon returning to Kiev, Vladimir destroyed языческие храмы and idols and baptized the Kievans. He successfully resisted the Pechenegs and built a network of forts and colonies to prevent the savages from lying waste the Russian lands.

5) It is probable that, as in other countries, the new religion encountered resistance. The chronicles, ……., keep silent about the conflicts involved in the introduction of the new faith, and вооруженная борьба against Christianity is mentioned only in the case of Novgorod. There is some evidence that the religion spread slowly under Vladimir.

6) Vladimir had eleven sons and created an efficient administrative system, replacing the former tribal princes by his sons. However, this proved to be his undoing: Vladimir’s son Yaroslav who ruled Novgorod восстал против his father’s authority and Vladimir was forced to prepare a military expedition to subdue the insurgent son, but died at the start, his heart …….. broken by his son’s perfidy.

7) Vladimir's Ancient Russia возможно была похожа на early feudal states in Western Europe. And perhaps Russia's backwardness and Oriental flavor were direct results of the Mongol conquest and century-long rule by the Mongol khans. On the other hand, there are those who believe that feudalism never really existed in Russia, that in effect Russia was a pre-feudal state with жестокой системой рабства ……. in Vladimir's age.

№10 Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы к нему:

1) What relations connected Vladimir with the Vikings?

2) Was Vladimir the only child in his family?

3) Why did Vladimir choose Christianity?

4) Did Russian people accept the new religion with pleasure?

№11 Выпишите выделенные жирным шрифтом глаголы и укажите их форму (личная\неличная), время, залог.

Вариант 2

№1 Раскройте скобки в предложениях, употребляя правильное время. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:

1 What (happen) if I press this button?

2 If you (understand) the rule, you would have written the paper successfully.

3 If you (do) your morning exercises every day, your health would be much better.

4 I would make her a proposal, if I (be) you.

5 If it (snow), the children will play snowballs.

6 I shouldn’t take your umbrella, if I (know) that it was the only one you had.

7 I’ll probably get lost unless he (come) with me.

№2 Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в каждом из них ошибку (слово, которого не должно быть в предложении), и переведите их на русский язык.

1 By the way, I really like of your new hairstyle.

2 A badly written article can affect on the image of an entire magazine.

3 If you feel that her decision it was unfair, then you should complain.

4 If you need to anything else, let me know.

5 I’m trying to save up enough money for to buy a new car.

6 There are lots of well-known artists and musicians who living in New York.

7 I don’t think so that he will come.

8 The meat which was so awful that we couldn’t eat it.

9 I don’t think Emma’s dress really suits for her.

10 Please turn off the lights when you leave from the room.

№3 Выберите правильную форму глагола в скобках, перепишите переделанные предложения и переведите на русский язык:

1 She had the porter (to carry/ carry/ carried) her luggage.

2 Peter the Great got his noblemen (to have/ have/ had) their beards (to shave/ shaven/ shave).

3 She had to get the tyre (change/ to change/ changed).

4 The manager had his employees (to work/ worked/ work) till seven.

5 She got him (to buy/ bought/ buy) an expensive gold bracelet for her.

6 Let him (do/ to do/ done) the task himself.

7 He had a fireplace (to install/ installed/ install) in the corner of the sitting room.

8 They were made (go/ to go/ gone) to the police station.

№4 Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1 I wish she (had not looked/did not look) so sad.

2 The professor wishes I (had studied/studied) harder.

3 We wished he (had not come/did not come) so late yesterday.

4 I wish you (had seen/saw) the play. It was a great success.

5 I wish they (had introduced/introduced) their friends to me at the party.

6 She wishes her father (hadn’t known/didn’t know) it.

7 He wished they (hadn’t noticed/didn’t notice) his embarrassment.

8 It seemed as if he never (heard/had heard) of it before.

№5 Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильное слово из таблицы. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

trip voyage tour excursion journey travel

1 The ……… to work usually takes me about twenty minutes.

2 My father’s gone on a business ……… to Paris, but he’ll be back tomorrow.

3 We went on an interesting ……… of the museum with an excellent guide.

4 My uncle is a salesman, so he has to ……… lot for his work.

5 Do you feel like going on the ……… to Brighton on Saturday?

6 The astronauts are training for their ……… to the moon.

№6 Соотнесите части условных предложений. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:

1 I could have walked more quickly if …	a) I’ll keep silence.
2 Unless they ask me about that accident …	b) I wouldn’t accept it.
3 Your job sounds awful. If I were you …	c) I cleaned it two times a week.
4 My room would be all right if …	d) I hadn’t had high heeled shoes.
5 They would have paid more if …	e) I’ll take an apple.
6 In case I feel hungry …	f) she doesn’t work so hard.
7 She won’t be so tired today if …	g) you hadn’t been so annoying.

№7 Найдите ошибку в предложениях и исправьте ее. Перепишите исправленный вариант и переведите его на русский язык:

1 I shall write you a letter, if you will have given me your address.

2 I wish you don’t disturb me.

3 If they are in your shoes, they wouldn’t do such a stupid thing.

4 I wish you would have helped me.

5 If it isn’t too cold, I don’t put on my coat.

6 He could have asked you about your life, if you weren’t so cruel.

7 If I has more free time, I would spend it with my family.

№8 a) Прочитайте текст и замените в нем выделенные курсивом выражения приведенными ниже фразами:

(1) rapid expansion; (2) to apply to; (3) countless; (4) in cases of treason and conspiracy; (5) sought to invade; (6) piracy and mercenary; (7) rapidly overtook;

(8) the most recognizable; (9) and likely; (10) made its first appearance;

(11) an oath of loyalty; (12) declined

b) Вставьте следующие предлоги и наречия в пропуски в тексте.

(1) against (2); (2) through; (3) back; (4) apart from; (5) soon; (6) both; (7) each other;

(8) especially; (9) during; (10) either; (11) therefore; (12) although

№9 Перепишите переделанный текст и письменно переведите 2,3,4,5 абзацы текста:

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