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Varangians




1) The Varangians were Scandinavians who migrated eastwards and southwards …… what is now Russia and Ukraine mainly in the 9th and 10th centuries. Engaging in trade, пиратской и наемной activities, they roamed the river systems and portages of Gardariki, reaching the Caspian Sea and Constantinople.

2) The term Varangians впервые появился not in Scandinavia or Russia but in Byzantium where it was introduced to designate a function. In Russia it was extended обратиться к Scandinavian warriors journeying to and from Constantinople. In the Byzantine sources Varangians are first mentioned in 1034.

 

3) Having settled in Ladoga in the 750s, Scandinavian colonists were probably an element in the early ethnogenesis of the Rus' people, и вероятно played a role in the formation of the Rus' Khaganate. The Varangians are first mentioned by the Primary Chronicle as having exacted tribute from the Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. It was the time of быстрого распространения of the Vikings in Northern Europe. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes rebelled …… the Varangian Rus, driving them overseas …… to Scandinavia, but ……. started to conflict with ……. The disorder prompted the tribes to invite back the Varangian Rus "to come and rule them" and bring peace to the region.

 

4) Led by Rurik and his brothers Truvor and Sineus, the invited Varangians settled around the town of Holmgard (Novgorod). In the 9th century, the Rus operated the Volga trade route, which connected Northern Russia with the Middle East. As the Volga route пришел в упадок by the end of the century, the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks быстро вернули it in popularity. …… Ladoga and Novgorod, Gnezdovo and Gotland were major centers for Varangian trade. Western historians tend to agree with the Primary Chronicle that these Scandinavians founded Kievan Rus in the 880s and gave their name to the land.

 

5) The Varangians fought in Sicily …… the Normans under Robert Guiscard, who unsuccessfully пытались захватить the lower Balkans as well. The duties and purpose of the Varangian Guard were similar - if not identical - to the services provided by the Kievan druzhina, the Norwegian hird, and the Scandinavian and

Anglo-Saxon housecarls. The Varangians served as the personal bodyguard of the emperor, swearing клятва верности to him; they had ceremonial duties as retainers and acclaimers and performed some police duties, …… в случаях измены и заговора.

 

6) Of the role of the guard, then composed of the English and Danes, it is said that "the fighting was very violent and there was hand to hand fight with axes and swords, the assailants mounted the walls and prisoners were taken on ……. sides". …… the Guard was apparently disbanded after the city's capture in 1204, there are some indications that it was revived ……. by the Empire of Nicaea or by the Palaeologid emperors themselves, though it is not likely that they lasted long after Michael VIII.

 

7) Other than their fierce loyalty, самыми узнаваемыми attributes of the Varangian guard …… the 11th century were their large axes and their penchant for drinking. There are бесчисленные stories of the Varangian guard either drinking in excess or being drunk. In 1103 during a visit to Constantinople, King Eric the Good of Denmark "exhorted members of the guard to lead a more sober life and not give themselves up to drunkenness." It is not surprising, ……, to find a 12th century description of them as "the Emperor's wine-bags."

 

№10 Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы к нему:

 

1) What is the origin of the word the Varangians?

2) When and where were the Varangians first mentioned?

3) What countries did they fight for?

4) What were the main features of the Varangian guard?

 

№11 Выпишите выделенные жирным шрифтом глаголы и укажите их форму (личная\неличная), время, залог.

 

 

Вариант 3

№1 Раскройте скобки в предложениях, употребляя правильное время. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:

1 If you go to Paris where you (stay)?

2 The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick.

3 If you (read) the instructions carefully you wouldn’t have answered the wrong question.

4 If you (be) redundant what would you do?

5 If her alarm clock had rung she (be) on time for work this morning.

6 If he read fifty pages a day his vocabulary (increase) greatly.

7 If I were you I (ask) her to go to the cinema.

 

№2 Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в каждом из них ошибку (слово, которого не должно быть в предложении), и переведите их на русский язык.

 

1 Where would you like to go for eat lunch?

2 This film is just like as the one we saw last week.

3 I’m afraid I haven’t got much of money to lend you.

4 I’m very much tired, so I’m going to go to bed.

5 I like to read books rather than watch on television.

6 You must to do as you have been instructed.

7 I am like my job so much that I can’t think of anywhere else I’d like to work.

8 If her photograph it gets chosen she’ll win £100.

9 She wrote an article that it was published in the local newspaper.

10 My friends asked if I would like to go on a bicycle trip with all them.

№3 Выберите правильную форму глагола в скобках, перепишите переделанные предложения и переведите на русский язык:

 

1 She got her baggage (to carry/ carried/ carry) in.

2 The rebellions had the president (leave/ to leave/ left) the country.

3 Din has his things (to wash/ washed/ wash) in the laundry.

4 He took a lot of photos during his holiday and got them (develop/ to develop/ developed).

5 Her remark made everybody (feel/ felt/ to feel) uncomfortable.

6 The teacher got the pupils (learned/ to learn/ learn) the poem by heart.

7 It was so difficult for me to get him (to believe/ believed/ believe) us again.

8 He changed his mind to have his house (paint/ to paint/ painted) green.

 

№4 Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

 

1 They talked as if they (knew/had known) each other for ever so many years as if it (wasn’t/hadn’t been) the first time they met.

2 He nodded slowly as if he (agreed/had agreed) to her suggestion but she knew he would never do it.

3 Her eyes were swollen and had shadows as if she (didn’t sleep/hadn’t slept).

4 They stared at each other in silence, and it was as if they (listened/had listened) for distant footsteps.

5 He speaks French as if he (had been/were) a Frenchman.

6 Nothing had changed in the room but it seemed as though somebody (had been/were) there.

7 She looked very tired as if she (worked/had worked) all day long.

8 I wish I (had passed/passed) my driving test last Monday.

№5 Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильное слово из таблицы. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Не забудьте поставить глаголы в нужное время:

 

to try on to put on to wear to get dressed

 

1 Hurry up, get out of your bed and ……… or you’ll be late for school.

2 I must get some new clothes. I have nothing nice to ……….

3 When I ……… the jeans in the shop, I thought they looked good.

4 I’d like to have a shower and ……… a clean shirt before we go out.

5 I thought the dress you ……… at the party was lovely.

6 Here, let me help you ……… your coat.

 

№6 Соотнесите части условных предложений. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:

 

1 If I had more money … 2 If you don’t boil the water before you drink it… 3 It could have been true if … 4 This house is very old. If I were you … 5 I should have ordered more salad if … 6 If you had any sense … 7 Your dress needs ironing. If I were you … a) you’ll feel sick. b) I wouldn’t wear it. c) I hadn’t been on a diet. d) you wouldn’t behave like that. e) I would iron it. f) I hadn’t known you, but I don’t believe you. g) I would buy a big house

 

 

№7 Найдите ошибку в предложениях и исправьте ее. Перепишите исправленный вариант и переведите его на русский язык:

 

1 I wish you are free now.

2 If I will get up early, I will go jogging.

3 I buy a yacht, if I had one million dollars.

4 I will be glad, if he called me now.

5 If my brother is in trouble, I would help him.

6 I wish you had had a good mood now.

7 I wish she showed me this project two days ago.

 

№8 a) Прочитайте текст и замените в нем выделенные курсивом выражения приведенными ниже фразами:

 

(1) against government officials; (2) plot; (3) a powerful image; (4) appointed;

(5) a secret department; (6) to investigate; (7) incapable of; (8) to imprison;

(9) rumors and slanders; (10) main responsibilities; (11) the suppression;

(12) serfdom

 

b) Вставьте следующие предлоги и наречия в пропуски в тексте.

 

(1) until; (2) also; (3) both; (4) although; (5) the following; (6) early; (7) because of;

(8) as well as; (9)often; (10) in the beginning; (11) thus; (12) however; (13) than

 

№9 Перепишите переделанный текст в тетрадь и письменно переведите 2,3,4,5 абзацы текста:




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