Text 4. The US attorney

Соотнесите английские словосочетания к их русскому переводу, пользуясь текстом и электронным словарем.

1) Supranational 1. чередовать(ся); сменять(ся) по очереди

2) customs check 2. преследовать судом; подавать в суд, возбуждать иск

3) internal borders 3. обеспечивать преемственность

4) Schengen Agreement 4. наднациональный

5) European Court 5. кандидат на должность; номинант, претендент of Justice (ECJ)

6) Civil Service 6. таможенный досмотр

7) Presidency 7. принимать гостей, выступать в роли принимающей стороны

8) Rotate 8. внутренние границы

9) provide continuity 9. пленум; пленарное заседание

10) nominee 10. Шенгенский договор, 1985(Соглашение «О постепенной отмене проверок на общих границах» подписано в городке Шенген (Люксембург);

11) host 11. иметь преимущественное значение, превосходить по важности

12) plenary session 12. Европейский суд

13) take precedence 13. утратить юридическую силу

14) lose effect 14. аппарат международных организаций

15) sue 15. директива, предписание, руководящие разъяснения

16) directive 16. 1) президентство, обязанности президента; 2) председательство; обязанности председателя

2. Выполните письменный перевод текста «European community», пользуясь электронным словарем.

In order to practice law in the USA, one must first be «admitted to the bar» in an individual state. This entails passing the state bar exam. The bar exam covers the law particular to that state and is approximately 6 hours in length. Thus attorneys in America are licensed to practice only in their home states. If they wish to practice in another state, they must fulfill that state's requirements - such as taking test on the specific features of that state's law (a part of the bar examination) before they can practice. Fortunately, there are some states that have reciprocity agreements when two or more states honor each other's rights or privileges, such as practicing law.

Generally, state bar examiners require evidence of three qualities in exam candidates: sufficient general education at the undergraduate level; sufficient US legal education; and sufficient knowledge of local bar requirements. Each state bar administration sets its own criteria for permission to sit the state bar exam.

In addition to the state bar exam, almost all states also require the Multistate Bar Exam (MBE). The MBE covers general legal knowledge in areas such as contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence and real property. It is a 6-hour, multiple choice exam made up of 200 questions.

A typical second day of testing includes series of timed essay exams on a variety of subjects. This portion may be comprised of two other multistate exams: the Multistate Essay Exam (MEE) and the Multistate Performance Test (MPT).

Part of the licensing process involves the assessment by bar examiners of an applicant’s character and fitness to engage in the practice of law. Currently, most states also require law students to pass the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE). The MPRE tests knowledge of the American Bar Association codes on professional responsibility and judicial conduct. The MPRE is a 2-hour, multiple-choice exam.

Upon admission to practice, an attorney is licensed to serve as both advocate and legal counselor. There is no division of the profession between barristers and solicitors, as in England.

At the same time on the federal level there exists the American Bar Association (ABA), which was founded in August 21, 1878 as a voluntary national organization of the legal profession. The activities of the association include maintenance of high ethical standards for the profession. The most current version of these standards, the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, was adopted in 2000.

The American Bar Association also accredits law schools under the authority of state high courts and the United States Department of Education, and according to standards developed by the association. Policies of the association are determined by a house of delegates representing the legal profession and administered by a board of governors. The ABA holds an annual meeting, which is the largest annual gathering of lawyers in the world, and is attended by approximately 12,500 international lawyers.

Exercises:

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