Practice compound pre-modifiers answering the following questions and arranging a discussion

Make use of some compound modifiers according to the sample pattern. Use the hints given. Mind that certain phrases can be used as pre-modifiers only while others can function otherwise as well.

Specify through participle modifiers. Use the given verbs as hints. In some examples both participles can be used; explain the difference in meaning.

B) Comment on the situation described in every item according to how you see it.

e.g. It is no easy matter to find a parking place near your house. Actually, it’s … (major problem, big cities).

A) You reproduce a full statement saying: … Actually, it’s a major problem of all big cities.

B) You comment saying: Quite so. It’s very hard to find a parking space downtown.

1. The chronic lack of equipment is … (permanent issue).

2. Reporting to the management on our progress is … (regrettable necessity, setback for our research team).

3. The study raises … that one’s viewpoint on fundamentals is very nearly unchanged. (possibility)

4. …, we will win. Actually, I’m almost sure of it. (probability)

5. I welcome … to sketch needed revisions and to comment on reiterated criticism. (chance)

6. Several of … … in the article cluster about the concept of a nanobot. (key, problems)

Note: in stories and films, nanobot is a machine that can move and perform jobs, but is so small that it cannot be seen unless you use some special equipment.

7. … … we are to be careful saying things. (obvious, reasons)

8. There is … for chairs on the premises, I must say. (strong, demand)

9. … …. quickly discloses the shortages of the system (control, procedure).

10. The scientist’s … to think in an original way is much … ….. (capacity, demand)

11. Professor is famous for his remarkable … (power, persuasion).

12. It is … … … to make a subjective and irrational enterprise of science. (obvious / blatant, attempt)

13. With … of acquiring systematic, time-tested and corrigible knowledge we study hard. (intension)

14. The question is whether the project matches … … of the students. (aspirations)

15. Most people know pretty well nothing about grammar and are, …, bad at it. (probability)

e.g. We need some procedures to disclose the shortages of the system. (test)

We need some testing procedures to disclose the shortages of the system.

We want evidence. (test)

We want tested evidence only.

1. There must be a smooth surface for the experiment. (clean)

2. Why not get a special surface machine? (clean)

3. Make use of the hints. (give - given)

4. The research project is not going to be finished soon. (stick – stuck)

5. There was nothing on the board except one poster. (stick)

6. This door is driving me nuts! (stick)

7. The new report forms will only add to the workload of teachers. (press – already/ hard-pressed)

8. The evidence is obviously the evidence in a very real sense. It impacts on the entire research frame. (give)

9. The symbols show the purpose of each substance. (designate)

10. Michael was our driver at the last party. (designate)

11. The version is slightly different from the original. (translate)

12. The device converts information from one system of representation to another. (translate)

13. A number of people in our organization want to take part-time jobs. (grow)

14. The popularity of the product is the result of interest in it. (carefully / grow)

15. I noticed the boss’ notes. (neatly / word-process)

16. Electronic firms usually employ many workers. (process)

(process – make goods ready to be used or sold)

17. Before turning the gadget on study the booklet for instructions. (accompany)

18. A song always sounds better. (accompany)

19. I guess a r esponse is most adequate. (restrain)

20. Measures do not always work. (restrain)

21. Palladium-catalyzed reactions are now in the arsenal of the organic chemist. (practice)

22. Perhaps it does not look too complicated to the eye. (practice)

23. This assumption is at least a view. (oversimplify)

24. Elizabeth felt she missed something during the talks. And that was the thing about it. (disturb)

25. ‘There are always some pretty sick minds with a mental imbalance in this world,” Kate said. ’They sort of go in cycles.” (disturb, balance)

26. What is going to make you accept or refuse the offer? Your self-esteem? (value)

27. A further paper by Hotelling gives a version of the power method for finding principal components. (accelerate)

28. A contract like this is a highly technical document, and all the words in it have meanings, which aren’t necessarily the same as in everyday speech.(very/ specialize)

29. No one can do whatever they like, apparently. There are some rules. (specify)

30. Every applicant is to do the task during an amount of time. (specify)

31. We are to produce some descriptions to account for our research approach. (clarify)

32. The issues will further the development of the concept. (clarify)

33. The agent is to be similar to the substance in chemical properties. (substitute, substitute)

34. The reader can find some definitions in a good dictionary. (interest)

35. The visitor was obviously a customer. (slow- / choose)

36. The technique proved efficient. (choose)

37. Several developments have stimulated new interest in the topic. (relate)

38. Our main goal is to help the reader develop knowledge of optimization. (work / acquiring the modifier the noun gets countable)

39. It is adequate for the potential user to develop implementations of the methods we describe. (work)

40. A very common pitfall is to forget the presence of the function in the field. (analyze, transform) 41. It’s a small industry with a certain number of players. (limit)

42. Nowadays, solar physics is one of the fields of astrophysics.(most rapidly / develop)

43. Astronomy is a course at this department. (teach)

2.2.6. Specify nouns through other nouns. Distinguish between possessive’s (the genitive case, the genitive) and possessives with of. Mind that in numerous contexts only one construction is grammatically acceptable. Use the given hints and possessive’s when it is possible. Mind proper determiners.

1. For some reason, (the new girl / statements) were always embarrassing. Unfortunate manner was the generally held explanation.

2. If Jeff saw ((his brother/ smile), he did not acknowledge it.

3. There were two of them arguing. The first man was offensive, (the other man / manner) was more restrained.

4. (Professor Dawson / invitation) to us is most pleasurable.

5. (invitation / Professor Dawson) would mean (promising start / our project).

6. Where is (invitation / boss)? (a card inviting someone to attend a social event)

7. (scientists / discovery) had a significant impact on the development of the field.

8. (discovery / stranger) in the closed lab was a shock.

9. ‘Possibly, ‘ Christine added after (a moment / reflection), this is something completely new.’

10. (Einstein / reinterpretation) of gravity is theoretically simpler that (Newton / unexplained force).

11. The Sun heavily influences (Earth / climate).

12. I feel I must take issue with (the article / slant) to the problem.

13. We all know what c stands for in E = mc². But why c of all letters? Let us bring (the symbol / story) to light.

2.2.7. Arrange the words modifying the marked noun into a string of pre-modifiers and make a sentence using it. Mind that the newly aligned string of modifiers can make us change the originally functioning determiner. Occasionally you have to reformat the entire structure of the sentence and even use other words to compensate for the slight change in meaning. If so, account for it.

e.g. This method is an extension which is natural for the technique.

You compose: natural technique extension method → and then rephrase saying:

This is what is called the natural technique extension method.

1. The example illustrates a limitation which is fundamental to any algorithm.

2. The world is interesting. The world is big. The world is a strange place.

3. To explain the difficulty, we must introduce another notion. It is that of an integer. To be more exact, the integer is algebraic.

4. We have to acknowledge that the arrangement to meet with the representatives of the local authority was most expedient.

5. I am bound to say that the decision of yours was hasty. Bizarre and haphazard.

6. I continued my study but in a rather haphazard way. In a rather disorganize d manner.

7. ’Assessments’, Peter said. ‘ Bloody assessments. We never had anything like that before. And what about this other bloody stupid idea, “ ongoing vocational training ”? Like I need some academic telling me how to do what I do.’

8. Phthalic acid esters are a group of chemicals used in a wide range of consumer goods. Thus, they are commercially important.

9. In this paper we further improve the algorithm for the computation of polynomials over algebraic number fields.

10. This scheme is so easy and foolproof. It’s also legal. Why doesn’t everybody use it?

11. All things we produce are made of eco-friendly plastic. It stands to reason that material like this is recycled.

12. This is a mathematical problem that belongs to a special class and deals with optimization.

13. These methods are reliable enough to be embedded in a design aided by the computer.

14. The point is how to develop methods for the solution of problems which are going to be reliable.

15. Everyone in the office had what might be termed a “clerical mind”. They were very scrupulous in their filing. They were, in fact, a kind of line for production of pre-information on the basis of proper technology. The line that was permanently feeding data into the central computer.

16. New methods allow us to solve problems of optimization in the design of electronic circuits.

17. Since 1990 many applications have been discovered in the area of estimation and signal processing.

18. The new method of convex optimization is used to find bounds on the optimal value as well as approximate solutions. (2 versions)

19. The development of a working knowledge of convex optimization can be mathematically demanding.

20. Our audience is mostly graduate students in electrical engineering and computer science.

21. You should apply for a grant that combines research and the d evelopment of the curriculum. Such grants are given by the National Science Foundation.

22. The optimization problem in the given example is an abstraction of the problem of making the best possible choice of a vector in R΄ from a set of candidate choices.

23. There exists communication between astrocytes and neurons which is dynamic and bidirectional. It is now thought to contribute to the processing of information by brain.

24. In the past philosophers considered language to be a contingent and freestanding phenomenon, though natural.

Use while rephrasing: In the past philosophers talked as if language were some kind of … … … phenomenon like a sheet of water that happens to reflect the scenery around it.

25. There have been recently discovered waves in the solar corona. They are electromagnetic. Their frequency is ultra-low. They have extended the area of interest and area of applicability of solar radiophysics.

26. Acceleration of electrons in solar flares occurs in a magnetized plasma during the relaxation of electron beam which is nonlinear. The process was modeled. It was modeled with a code which is electromagnetic, 3D particle-in-cell and state-of-the art.

27. H. Schon of Bell Labs used a transistor to demonstrate all of the main findings of physics. The transistor demonstrated had some field effect and was humble. In his presentation H. Schon confined himself to the issues of condensed matter within the twentieth century.

e.g. If you leave your car on a road beside another vehicle that is already parked there you car will be ….

If you leave your car on a road beside another vehicle that is already parked there you car will be double parked.

1. If one’s presentation is complicated and can have more than one meaning it can be described as ….

2. If we try to do anything as quickly as possible we usually do it in … time.

3. If something such as tape or paper has something on both surfaces it is ….

4. If a principle treats some people more severely than others it is considered ….

5. If you want to discuss things secretly you are going to arrange a … meeting.

6. If every member of your group gives each other support when they need it you are lucky to have a … team.

7. If you want to analyze things down to the smallest detail why not take a … look at them?

8. The book presents a thorough and comprehensive study of human mind. It actually gives a … view of the subject.

9. The … … observational facilities provide researchers with the means for unprecedented time, special and spectral resolution to study features and phenomena on the Sun in different observational bands.

10. The … interaction can have violent and costly technological implications.

Hints: closed-door [ only before noun ], double-quick [ only before noun ], close-knit/closely-knit, solar-terrestrial, double-speak/double-talk, galaxy-wide, new ground-based and space-borne, double-sided, close-up, double standard

1. Is there any link between work-related thoughts and performance-related fees? Are performance- related fees invariably higher than those people who live the job usually get? Is it hard for a workaholic to clear their heads of work-related thoughts at the end of the workday? For other people who are not that crazy about what they do? Is an efficient worker necessarily a workaholic? Which kind of worker are you? Can you stand sitting around doing nothing?

2. Does a home-grown professional have any advantages over a foreign-trained specialist? (In our country and abroad.)

3. Why do most people cling to the world of things? Isn’t it because things are slower to change than short-lived phenomena we classify as events? Isn’t it because things offer us a way of locating ourselves? Isn’t it sometimes hard to specify a present-day situation in an ever-shifting world? What do all of us typically want to do in a fluid situation? Under changing circumstances? When we see the world of things getting fluid around us as if in a time-lapse film? Do we try to construct a stable framework of reference against which our current experience can be measured? Some long-lived, long-lasting, deep-rooted stuck down benchmarks by which inconceivable events could be judged?

4. What kind of approach would you prefer to take up in research? A down-to-earth approach? (practical and sensible) A hands-on one? (tried personally without just talking about it) A sophisticated theoretical one?

5. Would you describe your list of priories as an ever-growing one? What is a high priority in any research? What is your main priority at the moment? (your first priority, top priority) What is high on your list of priorities? What is a low priority for you now? What is a long way down your ever-growing list of priorities? (Honestly, …)

6. Unfortunately, history, and science history in particular, is often taken as no-longer-essential remains of the developmental process. Is that because of too much one-sided emphasis given on finished scientific achievements as they are recorded in the classics? Does science develop by the accumulation of individual discoveries and inventions? Does nonstop and ongoing research contradict the development-by-accumulation concept? What are out-of-date beliefs to be called? Are they to be called scientific components of past observations? For instance, the Ptolemaic system? Are those once current views of nature to be labeled myths or errors? Are state-of-the-art things always relevant?

7. Are there any internationally-recognized and well-respected research teams at the university? Are there any collaborative research projects funded by international framework programs? What is the aim of the project you have referred to? Is it a long-term collaborative project? A three-year collaborative project? Is the project due to establish close research interaction and collaboration between the research groups involved? Is it also to qualitatively advance our knowledge of the investigated phenomena and basic mechanisms responsible for their evolution, dynamics and effect the produce on life and science? Is the project due to provide young researchers with extensive training in relevant research techniques and universally transferable skills? Is its goal to create a new generation of researchers that will exploit the data gained with the new facilities used in the course of study?

8. What are some particular techniques of simulation you use in your research? Do you create any novel models? Semi-empirical models? Do you apply numerical simulation or theoretical modeling of recently discovered phenomena?

9. What is your PhD looking at? Could everything you are doing be described as your goal-directed activity? Would you characterize your functional framework as a goal-related universe of your own? Is research an error-prone activity? Errors are to be avoided and their influence is to be overcome, but their presence is to be expected, isn’t it? Do you agree with the opinion that in a goal-related universe no errors are errors in themselves – they are only errors in relation to specific objectives?

10. Do you often dip into technical topics when you try to explain what you do to a layman? Do you ever work hard to make the concepts and notions you use transparent to someone who is not trained in your subject?

2.2.10. Comment on the statements using adverbs “modifying modifiers”. Choose proper items from the menu supplied.

e.g. Scientific laws must be on a different logical level from the tangible world, and a logically superior one.

You say: That is, most notably, a well-grounded statement.

1. The habit of abstract pursuits makes learned men much inferior to the average in the power of visualizing, and much more exclusively occupied with words in their thinking.

2. There is an inherent fuzziness about all our measurements and all our physical concepts.

3. It is difficult to imagine the order of complexity that would be involved in any mathematical representation of a simple, familiar, peaceful every-day scene.

4. Fundamental laws are mostly presented in a fundamental form.

5. Scholars agree that philosophy attends to principles, be they scientific, ethical or scientific.

6. This is the fourth volume of a series covering several aspects of solar-terrestrial phenomena.

7. In a subject such as ionosphere, articles should be published promptly.

You might also use the following hints:

I would like to stress / to emphasize that …; in this writer’s view / opinion …;

it is a good / typical / classic /obvious example of …; … and more, it is undoubtedly ….;

There should be a rationale for such a method. There must be a theoretical basis for such assertions.

This is to some extent unavoidable.

(not) entirely clear, highly improbable (questionable, debatable, contentious), self-evidently fundamental, handsomely produced, well thought out, rapidly advancing, unmistakably true,

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