Text 2 (A) Economic Systems

READING MATERIAL

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS. MODES OF PRODUCTION

Выпишите из следующего текста словосочетания, которые содержат существительные в функции определения, и предложения, которые содержат прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени. Переведите текст письменно на русский язык.

Abundance of natural resources and investment opportunities make Russia the nation with the greatest ultimate potential for foreign investors. Recent political and ethnic conflicts and a slow-moving bureaucracy create greater risks and lower the grade. The best opportunities are in energy, food processing, tourism, road construction, ceramics, and medicine.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

Для правильного выполнения Задания №2 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по любым учебникам:

1. Видо-временные формы глагола:

а) активный залог (the Active Voice) для форм Continuous (Present,

Past, Future) и Perfect (Present, Past, Future)

б) пассивный залог (the Passive Voice) для форм Indefinite,

Continuous, Perfect (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивного залога на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:

а) модальные глаголы can (could), may (might), выражающие возможность, и эквивалент глагола can - to be able to

б) модальный глагол must, выражающий долженствование, и его эквиваленты to be to, to have to.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle),

Participle II (Past Participle), Infinitive в функциях определения и обстоятельства.

4. Основные правила согласования времен в английском языке. Перевод на русский язык главных и придаточных предложений при согласовании времен.

5. Функции и значение слов if, that, since, for, as. Выделение отдельных членов предложения при помощи оборота it is (was).,....... that (when, how, who, where). Функции глаголов to have, to be, to do.

После изучения материала можно приступать к выполнению задания.

Different economic systems answer the "what", "how" and "for whom" questions differently. The main economic systems today are capitalism, socialism, communism, mixed economies and traditional economies.

Capitalism - is an economic system characterized by private ownership of most resources, goods and services. Capitalism relies on the market system to allocate resources, goods and services to their most highly used value. Property is privately owned, businesses compete to earn profits, and resources are allocated by the market according to the laws of supply and demand. In capitalist economy what to produce is determined by consumers, how to produce is determined by profit-seeking entrepreneurs, who maximize profit by producing in the most sufficient manner, and for whom to produce is determined by income and prices. In a capitalist system workers are generally paid according to how productive they are, and the distribution of income is unequal because people differ in their abilities.

Socialism - is an economic system characterized by government ownership of resources other than labour and centralized economic decision-making. The principal means of production are owned by te state, and resources are allocated according to a plan. How much property is owned by the state and how much planning is used to allocate resources vary enormously from one socialist country to another. Under socialist system government authorities answer the "what", "how" and "for whom" questions. In a socialist system government planners set wages and though wages are not equal for all workers, incomes tend to be more evenly distributed than in capitalist countries.

In centrally planned economies government planners decide what goods will be produced and set the prices at which they are sold.

Communism - is an economic system in which all resources (including labour) are commonly owned and economic decisions making is centrally planned. According to communist theory, people contribute what they are able to the economy but receive what they need. In theory, this means that goods are produced for use rather than to earn profits and that everyone's needs are met. Communist countries have central planning boards that set prices. Communism is the form of socialism based on the writings of Karl Marx practiced in the Soviet Union, China and other countries.

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