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ModE Spelling
NE Spelling ME Spelling OE Spelling Historical Background of Modern English Spelling Lecture 13 Loss of Some Consonants Fricatives New English Palatalisation – as a result of reduction of unstressed vowels several consonants merged into one:
There were some exceptions though, e.g. mature, duty, due, suit, statue, tune, etc.
Voicing – occurredin the 16th c. (NE) to fricatives: · in functional words and auxiliaries that are never stressed; · when preceded by an unstressed and followed by a stressed vowel.
In NE some consonants were vocalised or gave birth to diphthongs and triphthongs. · [r] was vocalised at the end of the word in the 16th -17th c. (see Lecture 11); · [j] disappeared as a result of palatalisation (see palatalisation in Lecture 12); [j] remained only initially (e.g. year, yard, etc.); · [х, х’] were lost (e.g. ME taughte [‘tau х tə] – NE taught [to:t], ME night [ni х’ t] – NE night [neit] · [kn] à [n] (e.g. ME know [knou] – NE know [nou]); · [gn] à [n] (e.g. ME gnat [gnat] – NE gnat [næt]); H/w: 1. Ex. 10-14, 17 on p. 219 in “История английского языка” by Т.А. Расторгуева (copies). · based on phonetic principle; · employed Latin characters; · one letter = one sound; Exceptions: ζ, f, s, ð (1 letter = 2 or more sounds).
· based on conventional principle; · more ambiguous and less stable (printing was not introduced yet and the manuscripts contained numerous variants of spelling – practically each scribe had its own way to spell the words); · digraphs (2 letters = 1 sound) appear + 1 letter = several sounds, several letters/combinations of letters = 1 sound (these were the deviations from phonetic principle):
· based on conventional principle was preserved; · new digraphs appeared (indicated borrowings from other languages) – ph, ps, ch; · spelling became fixed.
There reasons for such stabilisation were as follows: · Introduction of Printing (1475) (see Lecture 9) à one obligatory standard! · Normalisation of the language (17th – 18th c.) (see Lecture 9)à one obligatory standard!
Modern English spelling reflects pronunciation of the 14th – 15th c. See also Table 12 on p. 216-218 in “История английского языка” by Т.А. Расторгуева.
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