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English consonants in connected speechCases of consonant modifications in a speech chain are described more often than those of vowel modifications. Phoneticians usually identify assimilation of place, manner and voicing in consonants. Now let us see what qualitative features of consonant sounds may be changed in the process of their interrelation. The most common sounds which undergo assimilation of place are plosives and nasals:
The manner of articulation also changes as a result of assimilation. We observe:
Assimilation of voice is also found in English but in a very limited way compared to the Russian language. Only regressive assimilation of voice is found across word boundaries and then only of one type: if the following consonant is voiceless fortis it influences the preceding voiced lenis consonant and makes it devoiced (as in of course [ə f ˈkɔ:s], but the voiceless fortis consonant will never become voiced and lenis (as in I like this [aɪ ˈlaɪ k ðɪs]). It should be noted that it is typical of many foreign students of English to allow regressive assimilation of voicing, thus creating a very strong impression of a foreign accent, and this is something that should obviously be avoided. The pronunciation of the suffixes “-ed” of regular verbs, “-s” of plural nouns and possessives is based on progressive assimilation. It is pronounced as [t] after voiceless consonants (except t) and [d] after vowels and voiced consonants (except d), for example, described [dɪsˈkraɪbd] – passed [pa:st], cats [kæts] - dogs [dɒgz], Ptl’s [pɪts] - David’s [ˈdeɪvɪdz]. Lip position may be affected by the accommodation: consonants become labialized under the influence of the neighbouring back vowels, as in boot, moon, etc. The position of the soft palate is also involved in the process of accommodation. Slight nasalization is sometimes heard in vowels under the influence of the neighbouring nasal sonorants [m][n] as in meaning, end, some interesting men. Elision or complete loss of sounds is characteristic of rapid, casual speech. Here are some typical examples of consonant elision:
It is important for foreign students of English to be aware of the fact that when native speakers of English talk to each other, quite a number of phonemes that the foreigner might expect to hear are not actually pronounced or their pronunciation is changed. Selective, analytic listening will help to recognize what is being said and will bring more confidence to students.
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