I. Syntactical EMs and SDs used within a sentence

II. Syntactical EMs and SPs used within an utterance.

1. Those based on parallelism: parallel constructions, chiasmus

2. Those based on a special arrangement of the parts of the utterance: climax, anticlimax, suspense, antithesis

3. Those based on repetition: anaphora, epiphora, anadiplosis, framing

III. Syntactical EMs and SDs based on a special use of connection of words, sentences, phrases: asyndeton, polysyndeton

1. Those based on the juxtaposition of different parts of the utterance.

• Inversion deals with the displacement of the predicate (predicative) – complete inversion – or the displacement of secondary members of the sentence – partial inversion – and their shift into the front opening position in the sentence. It is used to single out some part (parts) of the sentence and thus it attaches logical stress or additional emotional colouring (or both) to the surface meaning of the sentence.

The following patterns of stylistic inversion are most frequently used:

1. The object is placed before the subject:

e.g. Talent Mr Micawber has, capital Mr Micawber has not. (Dickens)

2. The post position of the attribute:

e.g. “Once upon a midnight dreary … “. (E.A. Poe)

3. The predicative stands before the link – verb and both are placed before the subject:

e.g. “ Rude am I in speech …” (Shakespeare)

4. The adverbial modifier is placed at the beg of the sentence:

e.g. “… eagerly I wished the morrow …” (E.A. Poe)

5. Both modifier and predicate stand before the subject:

e.g. “ In went Mr Pickwick.” (Dickens)

• Detachment (detached construction or isolated members of the sentence)

Detachment is regarded as a special kind of inversion, it is based on the violation of the traditional means of connection between different members of a sentence, though logical ties between them always exist.

Detachment is syntactically separated from other members of a sentence with which it is grammatically and logically connected. The word-order is not violated but secondary members obtain their own stress because they are detached from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes and even a full stop – detached words, phrases, etc. are foregrounded into the focus of the reader’s attention, they help the writer to laconically draw the reader’s attention to a certain detail or circumstance.

In the English language detachment is generally used with words that have some explanatory function.

e.g. “Sir Pitt came in first, very much flushed and rather unsteady in his gait. ” (Thackeray)

The functions of inversion and detachment are almost the same, but the latter produces a much stronger effect: it gives prominence to some words and helps the writer emphasize his emotional attitude towards what he describes.

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