Kazakh Khandom formation.Ethno- genesis of Kazakh nationality

Lecture 5

Kazakh Khandom in XVI-XVIII cc. Zhety-Zhargy”

1. Foundation of the Kasakh Khandom.

2. Kazakh Khandom in the end of the XV c.

3. Kazakh Khandom in the XVI c.

4. Kazakh Khandom in the XVII c.

The territory of Kazakh Khandom. Kazakh Khandom occupied the territory lesser, than the territory of settling of Kazakhs in the different periods of existence (XV-XVII c.). For example, Zain ad-Din Vasiphi in his work “Badai al-vakai” wrote, that the Kazakhstan occupied the territory between Chu and Talas (period of khans Zhanibek and Kirey)

Author of “Nikhman name –I -Bukhara” wrote, that the Kazakhs settled from Edil to Syrdaria. According Russian sources “Kniga (book)Bolshomu Chertezhu” (XVII c.) Kazakhs settled along the middle flow of Syrdaria and in Sarysu, near the Ulytau (Sary-Arka). Foundation of Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan, Nogai Horde had the great meaning in the forming of Kazakh statehood. These statehoods had many commons: organization of Ulysses system, structure of khans power, organization of military forces, taxation and so on. Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan and Nogai Horde prepared conditions for genesis of Kazakh people, for consolidated Kazakh, Nogai, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Uigur peoples.

Khans Zhanibek and Kirey. The concrete course of Kazakh Khanate forming was connected with an inside, political situation of two states – Abulkhair khanate and Mogulistan. The Chingizides dissension weakened Abulkhair’s Khanate and his fought with his enemies couldn’t consolidate the khan’s power. Sultans Zhanibek and Kirey quarreled with Abulkhair and struggled against the Shaibanides for restoration of power of Ak-Horde khans dynasty. According historical chronicles Zhanibek and Kirey were closed relatives. Both of them had a right on power. Zhanibek was a son of last ruler of Ak-Horde Barak-Khan. Kirey was elder, than Zhanibek.

Zhanibek and Kirey, having united tribal groups of nomad and semi-nomad population of Desht-i-Kipchak, which were depending on them, moved to the territory of Western Zhetysu in Mogulistan in the form of protest in 1459-1460. Esen-Buka, the ruler of Mogulistan united with the Kazakh leaders, hoping with their help to guarantee security of Mogulistan’s frontiers against Abulkhair, the Timurides, Kalmyks territorial claims.

In 40-50-s of XV c. Zhanibek and Kirey occupied the territories of southern Kazakhstan, lower Syrdarya, and northern Turkestan. Suzak, Signac, Sauran and other fortress belonged to Zhanibek and Kirey. Tribes, which supported Zhanibek and Kirey couldn’t to move in steppe regions, and Abulkhair tribes couldn’t to move in lower Syrdarya and Karatau.

In 20-s years of XV c. Oirats invaded to Semirechie. In 1457 Abulkhair was defeated by oirats and Abulkhair conclude shameful treaty.

In 1462 after Esen-Buka’s death in Mogulistan the total anarchy came in fact. Attempts of the Mogul rulers to seize the important economic and strategic Syrdaria towns in the south of Kazakhstan didn’t change the general political situation; their power in Zhetysu was growing weaker. In these conditions foundation of the Kazakh Khanate in the valleys of the Chu and Talas rivers was quite natural act.

East Turkestan historian Mukhammed Khaidar in his work “Tarih-i-Rashidi” dated the time of forming of Kazakh Khanate in 1466. Abulkhair’s aspiration to prevent forming of the Kazakh Khanate and strengthening of Zhanibek - Kirey were vain. The number of tribes, which were dependent on Zhanibek and Kirey had been increasing, particularly after Abulkhair’s death in 1468, so that the number of the people, which gathered near them reached 200000 men.

Sources tell us about active foreign policy of the first Kazakh Khans, directed to widening of the khanates territory and becoming firmly established their power over the Syrdaria towns and the steppe regions of the Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak.

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