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Kazakh Khandom in the end of XV and in beginning of XVI c




1) Khandom of Abulkhair dissappeared

2) Timurides lost power in Maverannakhr and in the beginning of XVI c. fought with the grandson of Abulkhair – Mukhamad Shaibani.

3) Mogulistan disintegrated into several independent states.

4) Golden Horde disintegrated into Siberian, Astrakhan and Kazan states.

After Abulkhair’s death, Kazakh Khans began struggle for power. Their main rivals were – son of Abulkhair – Shaikh-Khaidar and grandsons – Mukhamed Shaibani and Makhmud-sultan.

After death of Shaikh-Khaidar, grandsons of Abulkhair escaped to Turkestan- just here the main historical events begun.

The main reason – economic and strategic position. Syrdaria towns were important economic-commercial centre for population of steppe regions. These towns were a solid fortresses and administrative-political centers. The middle and lower parts of Syrdaria were the rich pastures for Kazakh tribes.

The same reasons we can see on the territory of Desht-i-Kipchak. There was struggle between Shaibanides, Timurides and Moghul khanes. During 30 years they fought between each others. In 70-s of XV c. were a few battles near the Sauran, Suzak and other places. For example, Yassy and Turkestan were captured now Kazakh Khans, now Muhamed Shaibani. The leader of Kazakh army was a khan Burunduk (son of Kirey) at that time. According one sources he was declared as a Khan in 1470, according others in 1480.

In 80-90-s of XV c. the struggle for Syrdaria towns was continued. As a result, in the end of XV c. Suzak, Signac, Sauran were submitted by Kazakh Khans. Mukhamed Shaibani conquered Otrar, Yassy, Uzkent, Arkuk. He hadn’t forces for conquering power in steppe. So, in the end of XV c. the borders of Kazakh Khandom were extended and included the territories of Western Semirechie, towns of Southern Kazakhstan, region of Karatau, lower Syrdarya and the main part of Central Kazakhstan.

Djuchides moved from Kazakhstan to Astrakhan, Siberian and Kazan Khandoms. To the beginning of XVI c. Kazakh Khandom occupied the territory of Ak-Horde and part of Mogulistan.

Kasym-khan (1512-1521). The most strengthening of Kazakh Khandom begun in the first quarter of XVI c. in the ruling of Kasym-khan – son of Zhanybek (was born in 1455). He was a famous general and participated in many battles. In 1510 Mukhamed Shaibani attempted to capture Signac again, but was defeated by Kasym-khan. Kasym-khan was in friendly terms with khan of Mogulistan – Sultan Said. Kasym-khan extended his power to all territory of Kazakhstan. In 1514 Sultan Said left Kazakhstan and moved to Eastern Turkestan, that’s why Kasym-khan usurped power in Semirechie. Borders of Kazakh state extended from Jaik to Syrdarya, from Caspian Sea to Balkhash. The population of Kazakh Khandom reached 1 million men. Kazakhstan was well-known by western countries at that time and were established diplomatic relations with Moscow state.

Kazakh Khandom in the ruling of Khak-Nazar and Tauekel (XVI c.)

After death of Kasym-khan the new wave of feuds begun between djuchides, which weakened of Kazakh Khandom. The alliance was founded against Kazakhs: Uzbeks and Moguls. Kazakh khans lost Syrdaria towns. Kazakh khan Takhir (1523-1533) was defeated by khan of Nogai Horde. He tried to return Syrdaria towns. Syrdaria towns – Signac, Otrar, Turkestan (Yassy) (from XVI c.) and others were under the power of Shaibanids of Maverannakhr. The main directions of external policy of Kazakh khans were:

1) On the south-east – against Moguls and Oirats.

2) On the north-west – against Nogais and Tatars.

Famous Kazakh khan Khak-Nazar (1538-1580), son of Kasym-khan, tried to restore borders of Kazakh Khandom in the time of his father. But it was impossible:

1) Borders of Moscow state reached Kazakhstan, after conquest of Kazan, Siberian and Astrakhan Khandoms.

2) Time by time oirats invaded to Semirechie.

Khan Khak-Nazar extended borders of Kazakhstan in the West and South, but in 1580 he was killed in one of the battles. After death of Khak-Nazar, Shigai (descendant of Zhanibek) was declared a khan of Kazakh Khandom. But he ruled only two years. He participated in campaign of Uzbek Khan Abdallakh and received some towns of Turkestan for participating.

Tauekel – son of Shigai ruled from 1586 till 1598. He seized number towns in Turkestan region, he fought with numerous rivals – Kazakh sultans, sons of Khak-Nazar. After establishing diplomatic relations with Moscow state he undertook new campaign to Middle Asia and submitted all Syrdaria towns. He was wounded in one of the battles and died.




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