Prefixes

Affixation

It’s Latin word (affigere) which means to attach to.

According the number of words Affixes can be classified into productive (-er, -ish) and non-productive (-dem, -ard, -hood) types.

From the point of view of they current participation in forming words affixes devided to active and dead (-t if gift).

Other classification of affixes may be made from the point of view:

1) of origin (native –doom, -ship, under-, over-)(borrowed into-, none-, diss-)

2) of motivation (motivated –like, some-)(non-motivated –er, -ish)

3) of functional character (convertive or class changing, that change word to another part of speech –er, -ing)(non-convertive ex-)

4) of number of concept standing behind them (mono-semantic -al)(poly-semantic – have more than one meaning -ist: a) wondered performs are specified action; b) specialized in particular art or science; c) one that adverse to are particular doctrine >royalist)

Affixes may be homonymous forming adjectives and nouns (-al) (arrival: прибытие; прибывший)

It’s Latin pre- means before attach. In modern English there are about 80 prefixes.

States of some prefixes is not clear. For example over- and under- treated by some schools as root. But for example mini-, hyper- are treated as prefixes. Some schools differentiate between derivational (словообразовательные) and non-derivational.

For example diss- – part of way, dissuade – разубеждать
apo- – way from apocalypses

Some schools differ between active and dead. For example a- in away is dead.

From etymological point of view native and borrowed prefixes. (…)

Majority of English prefixes (?loan, quotes of prefixes) are native. From functional point of view classified as convertive (embody, encourage) and non-convertive (vice-president, disagree, miscalculate).

Prefixes can be used to form new words in all parts of speech and they may be classified to noun forming, adjective forming(into-, co-), verb forming(re-). Most prefixation takes in verbs. Attaching new meanings or forming some another parts of speech (to enrich, to enable, to disapprove, to unload).

The most productive prefixes en-, re-, out-, un-, under-.

The follow prefixes are verbal: dis-, re-, under-.

Denominal prefixes are: anti-, none-, post-, sub-, hemi-.

But main feature of English prefixes is mixed character. Some prefixes can be attach to noun and verb (disagree and disadvantaged)

7 major types of meaning prefixes produce:

1) negotiation and contrary (unemployment, incorrect, antifreeze, disconnect)

2) sequence and order in time (prewar, postwar, foresee)

3) different space location (subway, intercontinental)

4) repetition

5) quantity and intensity (bilingual, polytechnic)

6) negotiation (abnormal, maltreat, pseudomorphem, miscalculate)

7) amelioration (улучшение) (supermarket, ultramodern)

Some prefixes are polysemantic. They can be found in several semantic classes (over-: overhill, overdo)

Some affixes remain the same and makes a group of unchanged words (auto-, de-, counter-, ex-, hemi-, none-, mis-, over-, poly-, semi-, super-)

But there are changeable prefixes, spelled different in different context (co-/com-/cor-, dis-/dif-, ir-/il-/im-)

A special group of prefixes is made up of forms spelling or pronunciation. For example for- - away and fore- - ahead or before; en- - to cover and an- - negotiate, in-/il-/ir-/em-/en- means into, ant-/in-/ig- - invisible, into-/intro-/inter- - inside, between; hyper – over; hypu – less

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