Paradigm in communicative Grammar. Types of paradigms

Types of paradigmsin communicative grammar.

1. Functional paradigm. The same proposition can be presented by different types of utterances: declarative, interrogative, imperative, emotional utterance.

2. Situational paradigm. It reflects the degree of completeness of information about the definite communicative situation.

3. Modality paradigm. The members of this paradigm reflect the situation as real or unreal. The difference in attitude rangers from assurance and certainty up to complete distrust of what has been said.

These notions are expressed in different ways:

- by modal auxiliaries,

- by a sentence with introductory it and a that- clause,

- by an adverbial.

4. Emotional paradigm. We distinguish sentences according to the degree of intensification and emotionality.

5. Communicative paradigm.

FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF SENTENCES.

ITERROGATIVE SENTENCES.

Factors for analyzing questions:

-communicative intention,

-connection of the question with the following answer and predictability of it,

-communicative division,

-absence or presence of interrogative word

-lexical means, helping to form a question,

-intonation.

· Special questions.

· Yes – no questions.

· General questions.

· Negative questions

· Deliberative question

· Declarative questions

· Disjunctive questions

· Alternative questions

· Rhetorical questions

Rhetorical questions are considered to be questions only according to their formal characteristics.The intention is to express emotions, to give evaluation of some, to attract somebody’s attention or induce somebody to some action. A characteristic feature of rhetorical questions is the lack of interrogativeness.

Rhetorical question is more like a forceful statement and exclamation. A positive rhetorical question is like a strong negative statement. A negative rhetorical question is like a strong positive statement.

Communicative milieu is the milieu of realization of functional type of the sentence, which is surrounded by other functional types of sentences.

Rhetorical questions can occur in communicative milieu

- of general questions. The initiation is the general question and reaction is the rhetorical question.

- of special questions. The initiation is a special question and the reaction is a rhetorical question.

- of declaratives. The initiation is a declarative sentence, the initiation is a rhetorical question.

- of imperative sentences.

Classification of rhetorical questions according to the degree of rhetorical impact.

1. Purely rhetorical questions.

2. Semi- rhetorical questions.

3. Questions with slacken rhetorical impact.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

Imperative sentences induce the person (-s) addressed to fulfil an action.

Most imperative sentences have no overt grammatical subject.

Verbal Imperative Sentences.

No auxiliary verbs occur in imperative sentences except be in the passive and continuous forms and do which is used in contracted form with not to form a negative sentence. The auxiliary do is also used in affirmative imperative sentences to make them emphatic and more persuasive.

Modal verbs and words (except dare) do not occur in imperative sentences.

Imperative sentences with let.

Verbless Imperative Sentences.

The most common types of verbless sentences are:

1. Substantive imperative sentences whose principal part is expressed by a noun

2. Substantive imperative sentences introduced by prepositions.

3. Adverbial imperative sentences.

4. Adjectival imperative sentences.

5. Gerundial imperative sentences.

6. Interjectional imperative sentences.

7. The vocative sentence

The reaction to any imperative utterance may be verbal or non-verbal. Action responses are a characteristic feature of the imperative.

Types of imperative speech acts:

Prescriptive imperative speech acts prescribe an action of a communicant. There are 7 types of prescriptive imperative speech acts: command, inducement, permission, instruction, direction, demand, order.

Requestive imperative speech acts induce the listener to fulfill the action favorable for the speaker. There are 3 types of requestive imperative speech acts: request, entreaty, invitation.

Suggestive imperative speech acts give a sort of advice or suggestion. Suggestive imperative speech acts are: advice, offer and warning.

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES OR STATEMENTS.

The communicative intention of the declarative sentence or statement is to convey some piece of information, which the hearer is unlikely to know.

8 types of communicative forms of declarative sentences.

1. The pattern Here/There comes our bus or Here/There it is.

2. The pattern There + be (or such verbs as exist, live, come, stand, lie, seem, appear, occur) + a noun-phrase.

3. Declarative sentences with the introductory It -subject.

4. The pattern She is easy to teach.

5. The pattern He is sure to like it.

6. Constructions of correlative subjects or objects.

7. The pattern He was man enough to do…

8. Negative declarative constructions.

The characteristic feature of reactive remarks to the declaratives is their very low degree of predictability or even complete unpredictability of linguistic forms of reactions.

EMOTIONAL (EXCLAMATORY) SENTENCES.

The intention of emotional sentences is to convey the subjective evaluating emotional attitude to the subject of thought.

Occasional emotional constructions represent a sudden emotional reaction to the content of the previous partner’s remark. Usual emotional constructions are based on a certain model, have typified structure and are created with the help of specific means, expressing emotional meaning as an element of the semantic structure of the utterance.

The means of expressing emotionality in the sentence:

1. Phonetic.

2. Morphological.

3. Lexical.

4. Syntactical.

TRANSPOSITION IN COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR.

Transposition reflects the processes of combining different intentions in one utterance, neutralizing one intention and underlining another, preserving the emotional and expressive impact of the utterance.

Transposed sentence is the utterance, which is transferred to the communicative milieu not typical for it. Transpositors are the means that help to transfer the utterance from one communicative milieu to another. They are: communicative situation, intonation, grammar and lexical means and their convergence.

The main types of interrelations of intentions in transposition:

1) combination of two intentions.

2) neutralizing of one and expressing another intention.

Transposition of general questions.

- to emotional sentences

- to rhetoric question

- to a polite request

Transposition of special questions.

- to rhetoric questions

- to imperative utterances

Transposition of the imperative.

Emotionalizing or modifying of the inducement are possible.

The two methods of emotionalizing of the intention “inducement” are:

- changing intonation

- alongside the intonation, various vocatives, emotional insertions, particles, interjections can be used.

Inducement can be modified to advice, order, prohibition, etc.

Transposition of the declarative.

- to the imperative

- to the declarative question (semi-question)

- to emotional sentence

DIALOGICAL COMMUNICATION.

Objective factors of dialogical communication:

1. Visual.

2. Temporal.

3. The degree of officiality.

4. Social situation.

5. National peculiarities.

6. Topic of conversation and the fact who discusses this topic.

Subjective factors of dialogical communication:

- Stable: citizenship, class, professional group, ideology, up-bringing, morality, ethic aims, education, erudition, aesthetic principles, mental and speech abilities, attention, memory, temperament, hobby, age, sex (gender).

- Variable: physical and psychic state of the communicant, mood, interest towards the topic, aims of discussing some topic, knowledge of the interlocutor.

The change of roles on speech process goes with different speed, thus the scholars usually differentiates between a dialogue and a monologue. Autodialogue is possible in everyday conversation.

The main two types of relations between the communicants are equal and unequal.

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