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Roman Catholic Church

Church of Scotland

The Church of Scotland, the largest Protestant church in Scotland, as has been mentioned above, was created in 1560 by John Knox, who was opposed to the idea of bishop's rule and considered that the English Church had not moved sufficiently far from Rome. The Scottish Church followed the teachings of Calvin, a leading proponent of the European Reformation, and developed a rather severe form of Presbyterian Protestantism. Its churches are plain (there is no alter, only a table) and the emphasis is on the pulpit, where the gospel is preached. Unlike the Church of England, the Church of Scotland is subject neither to the Crown, nor to Parliament. The Church of Scotland Act 1921 confirmed its complete freedom in all spiritual matters (questions of doctrine, worship, government and discipline) from state authority, which it assorted after the union of Scotland with England in 1707. The church is generally known as the Scottish Kirk and has the adult membership of about 800,000.

 

The Kirk is more democratic than the Church of England in that it has a Presbyterian form of government. The 1,300 churches are governed locally by Kirk Sessions, consisting of ministers and elected elders. The minister and one of these elders represent the Kirk at the regional presbytery. Each of the 46 presbyteries of Scotland elects two commissioners to represent at the principal governing body of the Church - the General Assembly. It meets every year under the presidency of an electedModerator, who serves for one year and is the leader of the church. In keeping with its democratic nature, it admits women as well as men to the ministry. In 1988, for example, it admitted more women than men.

The Roman Catholic Church in Britain experienced much persecution and discrimination after the Reformation. In England it had ceased to exist in the 16th century (in 1829 only were Catholic priests allowed to live within five miles of towns) and was formally restored in 1850. In Scotland the Church's formal structure was not restored until 1878. However, through this period Catholicism never disappeared entirely.

 

Since 1850 the Roman Catholic Church has grown rapidly. Today Catholicism is widely practised throughout Britain and enjoys complete freedom, except that no Catholic can become monarch. There are now eight Catholic provinces in Great Britain (four in England, two in Scotland and one in Wales and one that includes Northern Ireland), each under the supervision of an archbishop; 37 dioceses, each under the control of a bishop (22 in England and Wales, 8 in Scotland and 7 in Northern Ireland some of which overlap with dioceses in the Irish Republic); and over 3,320 parishes and about 4,800 priests (only men may become priests). The head of the Church in England is the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, and the senior lay Catholic is the Duke of Norfolk.

 

About 10% of British citizens (some 5.7 million) claim to be Roman Catholics. It would seem that the Catholic community is made principally of the very rich and very poor. The former are some of the oldest aristocratic families that are traditionally Catholic; of these the Howards (the hereditary Dukes of Norfolk) are the most famous. The latter are represented by large numbers of Irish immigrants and working class people in deprived areas. Recently there has been a trickle of middle-class converts, including a number of intellectuals, mainly writers, G K Chesterton, Evelyn Waugh, and Graham Greene, just to mention a few.

 

 

Most Catholics are seemingly strict in their adherence to religious customs. The church continues to emphasise the important role of education for its children, and requires its members to try to bring up their children in the Catholic faith. There are as many as 2,500 Catholic schools in Britain who are often staffed by members of religious orders, such as Jesuits and Marists. These and other orders also perform considerable social work such as nursing, hospital duties, childcare and running homes for the elderly.

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Church of England | Free Churches
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