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The Scandinavian Invasions of England. The Viking Age. The Scandinavian influence on OE




Lecture V.

The Coming-of-Age Genre

Genre is a French word meaning a particular kind or type of art or literature. One popular genre of American fiction is the coming-of-age story. The Catcher in the Rye is a coming-of-age novel with a twist. Holden does not follow the usual pattern. He begins in turmoil, struggles in turmoil, has a moment of epiphany (clarity of insight) watching Phoebe at the carrousel, but eventually suffers physical and emotional collapse. Holden does change toward the end of the book. His acceptance of Phoebe's need to "grab for the gold ring" indicates that he sees her as a maturing individual who must be allowed to live her own life and take her own chances, even though she may fail or fall. Children must do this, and adults must let them. For better or worse, Holden is beginning to grow up; but he is far from any kind of triumph. He will go home and soon collapse, resulting in his stay at the sanitarium in California. We cannot know how he will be in the future. Salinger does not spoon-feed the reader a "happy" ending. In that way, the novel is more realistic, more lifelike and authentic than some representatives of the genre.

787-850. Near the end of OE period English underwent a third foreign influence; the result of contact with another important language, the Scandinavian. In the 8th century the Scandinavians began a series of attacks upon all the lands adjacent [ә`dჳeis(ә)nt] –смежный, соседний- to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Their activities began in plunders (грабеж) and ended in conquest. These sea-rovers (разбойники) are known as Vikings, and the period of their activity, from the middle of the 8th century to the beginning of the 11th century is known as the Viking Age. In the Scandinavian attacks upon England three well marked stages can be distinguished.

The first is the period of early raids, which began in 787 (according to Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) and lasted till about 850. The raids of this period were simply plundering attacks upon towns and monasteries near the coast and they were made by isolated groups.

The second stage is the work of large armies and is marked by widespread plundering in all parts of the country and by extensive settlements. Soon the Scandinavians occupied the whole of the English territory North of the Thames. In 865 the Vikings invaded Britain once it was clear that the quarrelling Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms could not keep them out. By 875 only King Alfred in the west of Wessex held out against the Vikings.

In 878 he made peace with the invaders. It was so-called “ Wedmore peace ”. According to that treaty, the Scandinavians withdrew from Alfred’s territory (Wessex), but the rest of the territory occupied by the Scandinavians was to remain in their power. It was called the Danelaw (Danelaჳ = Danish law- область датского права), i.e. the territory where the laws of the Danes ruled. In addition the Danes agreed to accept Christianity and recognize the supremacy of the English king Alfred the Great.

The third period of the Scandinavian Invasions covers the period from the 10th until the 11th century. In this period war in England was resumed and in 1013 the whole country fell to the invaders. The king of England fled to Normandy.

In 1016 the leader of the Danish Vikings Cnut (Canute) controlled much of England. England became a part of a vast Scandinavian Empire in Northern Europe. Scandinavian power in England lasted until 1040, when the power of OE nobility was restored under king Edward the Confessor.

Questions

1) How many stages can be distinguished in the Scandinavian attacks upon England?

2) When did the Vikings invade Britain for the first time?

3) Who was the only king able to hold out against the invaders?

4) What were the terms of ”Wedmore peace”?

5) When did the last stage of the Vikings invasion begin?

6) For how long did Scandinavian power in England last?

The Scandinavian conquest had a great influence on the English language. The Scandinavians became permanent settlers in the island. The presence of a large Scandinavian element in the population is indicated by more than 1400 place-names in England bearing Scandinavian names and by the fact that the Scandinavians adopted themselves to the ways of English life.

The Scandinavian dialects spoken by the invaders belonged to the North Germanic languages and their phonetic and grammatical structure was similar to that of OE. Favourable conditions existed for the blending of the two races and their languages. Close kinship between English and Scandinavian dialects made mutual understanding quite possible. The two languages were spoken by the same social layers and had equal rights. The result was amalgamation (blending) of Scandinavian and English dialects.

The influence of Scandinavian dialects was very important in two spheres: vocabulary and morphology.

A considerable part of the vocabulary was common to Scandinavian and English dialects. In many words the root was the same, while endings were different. E.g.:





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