Ways of realization of morphological categories in English and Ukrainian

Table 1

WAYS OF EXPRESSING MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB IN THE CONTRASTED LANGUAGES

Function. Due to these lexico-grammalical properties the verb generally functionsin the sentence as predicate.

The finite verb in the contrasted languages has six common morphological categories which are realized partly with the help of synthetic means (inflexions) and partly through different analytical means. Thus, the categories of person and number are realized in both languages synthetically, the category of tense — synthetically and, analytically, the category of aspect — synthetically or analytically: (continuous") in English and only synthetically in Ukrainian, the cate­gory of voice — only analytically in English but synthetically and analytically in Ukrainian, and the category of mood is realized in both languages synthetically and analytically.

An illustrative presentation of these ways of realization of each morphological category is given in the table 1.

Morphological category	Means of Realization
in English	in Ukrainian
Person	I know: He knows	Я знаю: Biн знає
Number	He reads: They read.	Він читає: Вони читають
Tenses 1. Absolute use 2. Relative use	I work: І worked He works: He will work He said he had been seen when he comes she will ask– when he came when he will come	Я працюю: Я працював Він знав: Він знатиме Він буде знати Він прокинувся був, а потім знов заснув де він живе я запитаю – де він жив де він житиме
Aspect	He works: He is working (common/continuous)	Він читав: Він прочитав це Вона зараз тренується (недоконаний — доконаний)
Voice	The houseis/was built. The houseis being built. It will be/have been built.	Хата збудована/була, буде збудована. Хата ставиться. Хід зробле но. Школу відкрито.
Mood	Indicative: We love our parents. Will he come? Imperative: Don't speak so loud! Let me sing you! Subjunctive: Come what may! If he had come, he would have met her.	Ми любимо своїх батьків. Чи прийдете ви завтра? Не розмовляйте так голосно! Нумо я вам заспіваю! Хай буде, що буде! Якби він був прийшов, він був би зустрівся з нею.

The tabulated examples above testify to the existence of both isomorphic and allomorphic features in the nomenclature and means of expressing some morphologic categories of the verb in the contrasted languages.

Generally common, with the exception of the continuous aspect, which is not available in Ukrainian, is the nomenclature and nature of the existing morphological categories of the verb. Absolute isomorphism is also observed in the means of realization of the following morphological categories in the contrasted languages:

1. Person and number (with the help of synthetic means, i. e., inflexions only). Cf. He is — they are, I was — they were. Я пиш у — ви пиш ете. Я пис ав — ми писа ли.

2. The imperative mood form with no reference to a definite person, as in the following sentences: Stop talking! Sit still! He розмовляти! Сидіти тихо!

3. The affirmative and some interrogative forms of the Indefinite group of tenses and of the pluperfect (давноминулий) tense: I work. I worked. I shall work. He had left before I arrived. Я працюю. Я працював Я буду працювати. Він приходив був, але мене не застав.

4. Isomorphism also exists a) in the correlation with the time of actions expressed: He says she lives in Kyiv. He said she lived in Kyiv. He will say the will live in Kyiv. І thought that she came/would come, had come. Similarly in Ukrainian: Biн каже, що вона прийшла; він скаже, що вона прийде; він казав, що вона приходила / приходила була; b) In the existence of tenses not correlating with the time of actions-expressed in the-main clause, eg: He will say that he knows/ knew, had known it. Він скаже, що вона прийшла (приходила) приходила була; с) In the existence of some identical forms expressing those same subjunctive mood meanings in English and Ukrainian. Cf.

If I knew that before... Якби я знав це раніше...

If I had known that before... Якби я був знав це раніше...

Had I known that before… Знав би я був це раніше...

Were she here then... Була б вона в той час тут...

d) In the existence of identical passive voice forms in the past and future Indefinite tense: He was invited. She will/will not be invited. Він був запрошений. Вона буде/не буде запрошена.

Allomorphic features find their expression in the ways of realization of some morphological categories in English and Ukrainian. These ways are as follows:

1. The use of analytical paradigms in English to express tense, aspect and voice forms, and negative/interrogative forms, like He is reading now. Is he reading now? Does/did he speak English? The passage is being translated. The article will have been translated by then, etc.

2. The absence in Ukrainian of the continuous aspect, whose durative meaning can be expressed by the transitive verb stems with the suffixes -сь, -ся and a corresponding adverb/adverbial phrase identifying the moment/period of the action. Cf. Петренко зараз/ще, вже, давно /будується. Школа ще (тоді) будувалась/будуватиметь ся.

3. The expression of the category of person in Ukrainian imperative mood forms: Пиш и! Ти пиш и! Пиш іть! Ви пиш іть! Іди! Будьмо/ будьте здорові! Встань! Не вір!

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