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Table 2




TYPOLOGY OF THE NON-FINITE FORMS/VERBALS

The nomenclature of verbals in the contrasted languages inclu­des some common and some divergent forms. Common are the infinitive and the two participles; divergent are the gerund in English and the diyepryslivnyk in Ukrainian. Far from identical are the morphological categories pertaining to these non-finite forms of the verb. Thus, verbals from transitive verbs have the following categorial distinctions in these two languages (table 2).

Verbal   English   Ukrainian  
Infinitive   active: to ask passive: to be asked актианий: запитувати пасивний: бути запитаним
Non-progressive   active perfect: to have asked passive perfect: to have been asked Недоконаного виду: лить, їсти доконаного виду: змити, зацвісти, поспатки, попоїсти
Progressive infini­tive   active: to be asking Perfect: to have been asking     ___
Gerund   active: asking passive: being asked active perfect: having asked passive having been perfect: asked Дієприслівник Активний теперішнього часу: йдучи, маючи, знаючи; активний минулого часу: йшовши, мавши, знавши  
Participle I Present active: asking passive: being asked Perfect active: having asked Perfect passive: having been asked Дієприкметник активний теперішнього часу: читаючий, -а, -е, мигаючий, -а, -е активний минулого часу: пере­мігший, здолавший
Participle ІІ   Passive past: asked, made пасивний минулого часу: запро­шений, пройдений

 

The tabulated forms of verbals testify to the existence of allomorphisms both in their structural forms and in their categorical meanings... Thus, the English infinitive is always distinguished by its determiner "to" (to come, to be asked, to be doing), whereas the Ukrainian infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -ти, -ть, -тись, -тися. The suffix -ти is always added to the stem ending in a consonant (бігти, везти, сісти), and the suffix -ть, like the suffix -тися/-тись, may be added to a stem ending either in a vowel or in a consonant (/носи ти /носи ть, носи тися /носи тись, їха ти/ їха ть, сія ти /сія ть).

Specifically Ukrainian is the diminutive form of the infinitive formed by combined suffixes: спат ки, спат оньки, спату сі, спатусень ки, куп ці, куп оньки, сіст оньки.

Allomorphism is observed in the categorical meanings of the infinitive and the participle. The infinitive in Ukrainian has no perfect (perfective) passive form, no continuous aspect form; no perfect active and, perfect passive of Participle I pertaining to English.

The gerund and the diyepryslivnyk present allomorfic verbals and they can not be contrasted in any way. The gerund has both verbal and noun characteristics, the former being those of tense and voice (as­king-being asked, having asked — having been asked). The noun characteristics of the gerund find their expression in the functions in the sentence as subject, object, predicative, and as an adverbial modi­fier of manner, eg: The rain poured down without ceasing (Maugham). On arriving al the garden entrance, he stopped to look at the view. (Galsworthy). The gerund can also be a complex part of the sentence (exemplified in the next chapter). Ukrainian diyepryslivnyk as an indeclinable verbal my be a) non-perfective or present and b) perfective or past. These may be formed, respectively, from the present stem of the verb or from the infinitive of both the transitive and the intransiti­ve verbs. The imperfective (present) diyepryslivnyk is formed from the present stem of the verb belonging to the first declension by adding the suffix -учи/-ючи: нес/уть/; -учи: несучи; працю/ють/: -ючи — пра­цюючи. Cf. Слухаючи їх жартівливу розмову,уверне слівце і од себе (Нечуй-Левицький).

Perfective (past) diyepryslivnyk is formed from the infinitival stems with the help of the suffix -ши, added to the stem ending in a con­sonant, or the suffix, -вши, added to the stem of perfective and non-perfective verbs ending in a consonant: донес/ти + -шидонісши; привез/ти/ + -шипривізши, знавши, пивши, ївши. When the infini­tival stem ends in a vowel, the suffix -вши is added: здола /ти/ + -вшиздолавши; побачи/ти/ + -вшипобачивши. Устромив­ши люльку в рот і закривши очі, він ще потроху пахкав. (Мирний)

Perfective and imperfective diyepryslivnyks may also be formed from verbs having the suffix -ся / -сь: Хвилюючись, все ще не опам'я­тавшись, солдат розповідав про себе. (Гончар)

The semantic and functional equivalents to the imperfective (pre­sent) and perfective (past) diyepryslivnyks in English are indefinite or perfect participles (both active and passive) performing the functions of the adverbial modifiers of time: "...while working so hard he needed sea air" (Galsworthy); attending circumstances: Clara sat in the cool parlour reading. (Lawrence); cause: " Being tired he thought of sleep. " (J. K. Jerome); result:... having seen all that was to be seen he came out. (Galsworthy), etc.

The functions of the infinitive and the participles in the sentence generally coincible in both languages, though Ukrainian participles have gender, number and case distinctions, eg: працюючий, працююча, працююче (колесо), працюючі /працюючого, -му, -им, etc. Also the English infinitive and participle may form complex parts of the sentence which are alien to Ukrainian, eg: He was seen to go/going home. We heard him sing/singing. It is easy for us to decide. The lesson (being) over, they went home.

Comparison of English and Ukrainian verbals. Summing up.

Infinitive

 

  Ukrainian English
  Morphological divergences
 
  1. Ukr. Inf. has no categories of person, gender, case, tense but has categories of aspect and voice (писати – написати; будувати – бути збудованим)
 
1. Eng. Inf.has categories of voice, aspect, order (table 1)
  2. ending -ти, -ть -тися, -ться нести, кричати, говорити; орать, сіять, думать. 2. has a determiner word-morpheme “to”
  3. Diminutive suff. are of all. nature їстоньки, спатоньки, питоньки, питусі; І їстоньки не їм, і питоньки не п’ю, та виглядаю все зозуленьку мою.   3. diminutive suffixes – NO
  allomorphism  
  4. The Infinitive in Ukrainian has no perfect passive form; no continuous aspect form (to be sleeping) no perfect active and perfect passive of Part I pertained to English (having been asked)     5. Forms (see table 1)
  isn’t available 5. Word morphemeto isn’t used in some surroundings. (Shall work, can go, you’d rather be in time)  
  6. Is not available   6. split infinitive: It’s necessary to somehow arrange it. (Треба це якось влаштувати.)  
  7. Isn’t used this way at all. 7. to some times can be used instead of inf. He wants me to go but I don’t want to.  
  8. Ukr. Inf. has no such category 8. Peculiarity of English inf. is the availability of category of order (is tense relative not absolute) e.g. I’m glad to see you I’m glad to have seen you I’m glad to be speakingto you. I’m glad to have been working with for a long time.  
  General conclusion: Ukrainian direct equivalents can be found only in active and passive forms of the indefinite inf.
  писати бути написаним to ask to be asked  
  Though in Ukrainian pass. inf. is rarely used. That’s why in translation should be substituted by sub. clause. e.g. They want to be invited. Вони хотять, щоб їх запросили (а не бути запрошеними).  
  Syntactic divergences: Allomorphic
  1. Inf. is used in Imperative Mood. Мовчати! Достроково перевиконати план!   Eng. Inf. Isn’t used in such form Silence (іменник)
    2. Ukr. Inf. isn’t used in such func. Sub. clauses are predominantly used. Він людина, яка зробить це. Allomorphic features of English inf. 1. Inf. is used in the function of an attribute. e.g. the conference to open (конференція, яка повинна початися) The sum to be paid (сума, яка має бути виплачена)  
  3. in Ukr. in similar cases we use sub. clauses or simple sentences with word не видно, мабуть. ---------------- ____ 3. Inf. can make complexes (Complex object Prep. Inf. Complex.)  
  4. ----------------- ____ 4. Inf. is used as a predicative complement after the verb to be. e.g. The task of the boy was to open the door. e.g. To see her was to love her.  
  5. ____   5. Passive and perfect forms of the infinitive is widely used in Engl. Esp. after terminative verbs: He only asked to be left alone. He must have come.  
  6. In some cases doer of an action is not mentioned. e. g. Я наказала (йому) відчинити вікно. 5. Inf. can form predicative relations with certain common: He’s the man to do it. I want him to care. I ordered him to open the door. Doer is obligatory mentioned.  
     
  7. Щоб я це зробив! Ніколи! 7. I, do it. Never! (predicate without link. verb).  
  2. Participle
  Ukrainian English
  In an attributive function Part. corresponds to Ukrainian дієприкметник. But in a function of on adv. mod. It correspondents to Ukr. дієприслівник. That’s why the term “дієприкметник” is relative, not absolute.  
  1. Part. has fewer forms 1.Part. is characterized by a great variety of forms  
  Читаюча жінка (дієприслівник теп. часу) та, яка читає (описовий зворот, дієприкметник) As an attributive reading woman as an adv. mod. Reading he was sitting in an armchair.
  коли мене запитали (дієслівний описовий зворот: verbal descriptive word – group) будучи запитаним (дієприслівник) being asked (as an adv.mod.)
  2. Дієприкметник: Розбита чашка 3. закінчивши (дієприслівник минулого часу) (після того, як я закінчив) (дієприслівниковий описовий зворот) 2. as an attributive broken cup 3. Perfective Part. having finished
  4. Дієпр.has voice and tense distinctions 4. Participle has the category of order (simultaneousness a priorityof on action) with non-terminative or terminative verbs. He looked at the broken cup. He was respected and loved by everybody. (non-terminative verbs)
5. Дієпр. has the category of aspect (depending on the category of finite form) 5. Eng. Participle has voice and order.The cat. of aspect is expressed slightly.
   
6. Дієпр. has the categories of gender, number and case (allom). 6. Part. has no gender, number and case distinctions
  7. Дієпр. Is formed in a synthetic way   7.is formed analytically
    8. Part. can form Absolute Part. Complex
8.? Дієприкметник теперішнього часу: Виконуючий, правлячий, лежачий, сидячий. growing, fulfilling, ruling
Дієприкметник минулого часу: -л-: осиротілий, зітлілий, схудлий (той, що схуд).   who became thin who wrote
Пасивні дієприкметники теперішнього часу в сучасній українській мові не утворюються: (обговорюване питання) the questions being discussed discussed question;
Пасивний дієприкметник минулого часу: суф. -т-, -н-, -ян-(-єн-) натесаний, згаданий, вжитий   written, mentioned
Дієприкметник пасивного стану теперішнього часу Дієприкметник has categories of gender, number, case. a) being discussed (action going or at present)   b) discussed (action repeated usual)   Part II (written mentioned, used)
Дієприкметник has categories of tense, aspect and voice друкують – друкуючи сміються – сміючись aspect сидять – сидячі відмовив – відмовивши пообіцяв – пообіцявши приїхав – приїхавши Category of tense is relative one.
Дієприслівник недок. виду пишучи, співаючи Participle I writing, singing
дієприслівник +ся   використовуються being used
Дієприслівник докон. виду   принісши, прочитавши, закінчивши Perfect participle   Having brought Having finished
дієприкметник активного. стану: Він стояв, прихилившись до стіни. Напишіть мені, вказавши причину. Participle I He stood leaning against the wall. Write me stating the reason.
Дієприслівник Кинувши диск вдруге він встановив новий рекорд. Виконавши завдання він повернувся додому. Ви мені дуже допомогли, давши ваші записи.   Він пішов не сказавши й слова. Герундій On throwing the discus a second time he set a new record. After fulfilling his task he returned home. You have helped me greatly by giving me your note. He left without saying a word.
  Слова категорії стану   Statives
Stati ves is group of words with prefix a + noun a verb stem.
  aboard, ablaze, afraid alike
The difference is in that fact that (after prof. Illish):
Russian state is action 1) він мовчить 2) він сердиться 3) він ревнує 4) він спізнюється English state is attribute, quality he is silent he is angry he is jealous he is late
    Gerund.
1.читати inf. Inf. denotes substance 1. I likereading.
2.noun or дієприслівник плавання Swimming is useful.
3. Немає надії, що ми побачимось з ним у цьому році There is no hope of our seeing him this year.
       

 




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