TOPIC. Illnesses and their treatment. Medical service in Great Britain

SUBJUNCTIVE II IN ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES AFTER

IT’S TIME, IT’S HIGH TIME

Subjunctive II is used in attributive clauses after the expression It’s time in the principal clause. In most of the cases, the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used and with other

verbs – the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. These forms have present or future meanings.

It’s time

sb. were sb. did sth.

E.g. It’s time you ordered something.

E.g. It’s high time he completed his work.

The Analytical Subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is also possible though less common.

E.g. It’s time he should come.

Exercise 82. Make up sentences.

It’s time Isn’t it time

he she we you they

sold his old car. visited her aunt Augusta. suggested an idea. introduced me to your parents. saved some money for the trip. learnt to protect themselves. had some rest got a certificate. stopped this discussion. told her the truth about it.

Exercise 83. Open the brackets using Subjunctive II.

1. It’s time you (be told) the truth.

2. I know it’s time I (change) my attitude to life.

3. I can’t believe it’s time we finally (settle) this matter.

4. It’s time she (drop in) to see us.

5. It’s time you (get rid of) this cat!

6. Well, I think it’s high time we (do) something about her stuttering.

7. Isn’t it time you (start) looking for job?

8. It’s high time she (stop) showing her superiority.

9. It’s time you (start) thinking about your future.

10. It’s time you (learn) to entertain yourself.

11. He was late again. I think it’s time you (give a hint) about it.

12. What a mess! It’s time you (clean up) in your room!

Exercise 84. Give a piece of advice to your fellow-student with It’s time pattern. Make sure it won’t sound rude.

Model: It’s time you switched off your cell phone.

Exercise 85. Translate into English using your Active Grammar.

1. Пора бы тебе обращать внимание на свое поведение. 2. Тебе давно пора сесть на диету. 3. Мне кажется, что пора перейти на новую систему обслуживания. 4. Ей давно пора модернизировать компьютер. 5. Разве не пора прекратить этот спор? 6. Я не думаю, что мне пора менять свои привычки. 7. Почему ты говоришь, что мне пора признать свою ошибку? 8. Не пора ли вынимать пирог из духовки? 9. Пора подумать о теме курсовой работы. 10. Пора бы ей уже прийти домой. 11. Пора бы вам начать работать. 12. Тебе пора начать тренироваться.

Exercise 86. Look up the words’ translation in the dictionary and check their pronunciation. Learn the words.

infectious, contagious, communicable, catching	scrape
Types of wounds: laceration puncture avulsion
common cold (cold in the head)
sinusitis
pharyngitis	HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
laryngitis	AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
tonsillitis
conjunctivitis	Infectious diseases:
stye (sty)	quinsy
arthritis	mumps
cyst	measles
ulcer	chicken pox
diabetes	German measles
cancer	bronchitis
inflammation	tuberculosis
rash	malaria
swelling	whooping cough
fracture	rabies
bruise	anthrax
scratch	smallpox

Exercise 87. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below, pay attention to the use of articles.

Ailments with the use of the article a/an:

Cold, cough, cut, eye infection, fever, headache, stomachache, toothache, sore throat, sunburn

Ailments with the use of the article the:

Flu, hiccups, measles

Ailments with the use of zero article:

AIDS, cancer, diarrhea, dry skin, insomnia, malaria

1. She has a bandage on, but don’t worry it is just ….

2. I think I am running …, I need to take some pills to lower the temperature.

3. He has dark circles under his eyes – apparently he is suffering from ….

4. I need to buy some moisturizing hand cream, using chalkboard causes ….

5. … was called the plague of the twentieth century.

6. To stop … I just hold my breath until I can’t anymore.

7. James got … in South America in the jungle.

8. My throat bothers me. I get … every time it is cold outside.

9. I didn’t clean my contact lenses, so I got ….

10. I got … when I was in Norway, and had to stay in bed for the whole trip time.

Exercise 88. Match the following words with the verbs below:

dizziness vomiting stomachache headache	typhoid diphtheria measles a virus scarlet fever	an x-ray a blood-test an examination a tooth filled an injection a scan	radio-therapy chemo-therapy an operation surgery	a virus a cold hay fever
to have …	to undergo …	to complain of …	to be infected with …

Exercise 89. Read the list of ways to avoid flu. Can you add anything to it?

1. Keep warm

2. Avoid chills

3. Don’t smoke

4. Get a flu injection

5. Avoid others infected

6. Maintain nutrition

7. Take vitamins

8. Drink fluids

9. Keep dry

10. Get enough sleep

Exercise 90. Describe one of the infectious diseases following the plan below. What are some preventative measures that you can take to minimize your risk of contracting the illness? Search the Internet for traditional and non-traditional remedies or medications that are available.

1) Symptoms

2) How it spreads

3) Ways to treat

4) Probable complications

5) Tips to prevent a person from catching it

Exercise 91. After reading this texts, share your knowledge with class.

Heart Attack, Cardiac Arrest and CPR

A heart attack happens when one or more blood vessels that supply blood to a portion of the heart become blocked. When it happens, the blood cannot get through to feed that part of the heart and the cells begin to die. The heart may not be able to pump properly because part of it is dying.

If a large part of the heart is not getting blood, the heart may not be able to pump at all. If the heart stops, the victim is in cardiac arrest; and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR – a combination of chest compression and rescue breathing) must be started immediately.

Most people who die from a heart attack die within 2 hours after having the heart attack. Many of these people could have been saved if the person having the heart attack, and the bystanders, had been able to recognize the signs and symptoms of a heart attack and had taken prompt action.

Signs and symptoms.

The most significant sign of a heart attack is chest discomfort or pain. A victim may describe it as uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, a fullness or tightness, aching, crushing, constricting, oppressive, or heavy. The pain is described as being in the centre of the chest behind the breastbone. The pain may spread to one or both shoulders or arms or to the neck, jaw or back.

In addition to chest pain, other signs and symptoms may include:

· Sweating

· Nausea

· Shortness of breath

First Aid for a Heart Attack.

A quick response in case of heart attack requires that you:

· Recognize the signs and symptoms of a heart attack and take action.

· Have the victim stop what he or she is doing and sit or lie down in a comfortable position. Loosen restrictive clothing. Do not let the victim move about.

· Have someone phone EMS for help. If you are alone, make the call yourself.

CPR – First Aid for Cardiac Arrest

If the heart does stop (cardiac arrest), the appropriate first aid begins with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Cardio refers to the heart, and pulmonary refers to the lungs. So cardiopulmonary resuscitation means resuscitation of the heart and lungs. CPR is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing.

To help a person in cardiac arrest, you must provide CPR. CPR has two purposes. By breathing into the victim and compressing the chest, you:

· Keep the lungs supplied with oxygen when breathing has stopped.

· Keep blood circulating and carrying oxygen to the brain, heart and other parts of the body.

All of your body’s living cells need a steady supply of oxygen to keep you alive. CPR must be started as soon as possible after the heart stops. Any delay in starting CPR reduces the chances that EMS personnel will be able to restart the heart. In addition, the brain cells begin to die after 4 to 6 minutes without oxygen.

Fractures, Dislocations, Sprains and Strains.

Fractures are breaks or cracks in bones. They are defined as either closed or open. Signs and symptoms of fractures include the sound of bone “snapping”, a sensation of bones rubbing together, obvious deformities, pain, swelling, bruising and inability to move the injured part. Victims with fractured ribs may feel pain as they breathe.

A dislocation is an injury to a joint and the ligaments surrounding it. The ends of the bone are displaced, making movement difficult and very painful. Signs and symptoms of a dislocation are similar to those of a fracture.

Sprains are stretched or torn tendons, ligaments and blood vessels around joints, often at an ankle.

Strains are stretched or torn muscles, frequently in the back. A person with a serious back strain should have medical attention before resuming activity.

If you are going to transport the victim to a medical facility, follow this general rule: “When you doubt, splint”.

The basic principles of splinting are:

· Splint only if you can do it without causing more pain and discomfort to the victim

· Splint an injury in the position you find it

· Apply the splint so that it immobilizes the fractured bone and the joints above and below the fracture

· Check circulation before and after splinting

If the injury is a closed fracture, dislocation, sprain or strain, apply a cold pack.

Exercise 92. Role-play the jokes.

***

Patient: “Can this operation be performed safely doctor?”

Doctor: “That, my dear sir, is just what we are about to discover.”

***

Young Doctor: “Why do you always ask your patients what they have for dinner?”

Old Doctor: “It’s a most important question, for according to their menus I make out my bill.”

***

“I saw the doctor today about my loss of memory.”

“What did he do?”

“Made me pay him in advance.”

***

The doctor smiled as he entered the room.

“You look much better today.”

“Yes. I followed the directions on your medicine bottle.”

“What were they?”

“Keep the bottle tightly corked.”

***

“I'll examine you for 10 dollars.”

“Go ahead, Doctor. If you find it, you can have it.”

***

One surgeon to another:

“What did you operate him for?”

“800 dollars.”

“No, what did he have?”

“800 dollars.”

***

“Doctor, I often feel like killing myself. What shall I do?”

“Leave it to me.”

Exercise 93. Read the conundrums. Make up one of your own on analogy.

***

“Doctor, doctor, I feel like a pair of curtains.”

“Well, pull yourself together.”

***

“Doctor, doctor, I feel like a pound note.”

“Go shopping. The change will do you good.”

***

“Doctor, doctor, I feel like a spoon.”

“Sit down arid don’t stir.”

***

“Doctor, doctor, I can’t get to sleep at night.”

“Lie on the end of the bed and you’ll drop off.”

***

“Doctor, doctor, I think I’m a clock.”

“Well, don’t get wound up about it.”

Exercise 94. Read the text about Medicine in Great Britain. Make a brief presentation about the NHS.

Medicine in Britain.

In Britain there is a National Health Service (the NHS), which is paid for by taxes and national insurance, and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment. Every person is registered with a doctor, known as a general practitioner or GP, in his or her local area. This means that this person’s name is on the GP’s list, and he or she may make an appointment to see the doctor or may call the doctor out to visit if the person is ill. People do sometimes have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes. GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, they must first go to their GP and then the GP will make an appointment for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic.

Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the NHS, it is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay. Some people have private health insurance to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to hospital may have to wait a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. If they pay for the treatment, they will probably get it more quickly. Anyone who is very ill can call an ambulance and get taken to hospital for free urgent medical treatment. Ambulances are a free service in Britain.

Exercise 95. Read the text about the development of the National Health Service in Great Britain. Do the Russians have similar health problems? Is the situation with health education in Russia improving?

NHS in England. Developing Health Strategies.

The National Health Service (NHS) provides a full range of medical services which are available to all residents, regardless of their income. Central government is directly responsible for the NHS, which is administered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout Britain, and for the social security system.

The Government emphasizes the importance of promoting health strategies such as health education, and the responsibility that individuals have for their own health, play a major part in this. While great progress has been made in eliminating infectious diseases, such as poliomyelitis and tuberculosis, there is still a scope for greater success in controlling the major causes of early death and disability.

There is a strategy for improving health in England; its longterm aim is to enable people to live longer, healthier lives. It sets targets for improvements in the following areas:

· coronary heart disease and stroke (the major cause of premature death in England)

· cancers (now the biggest cause of death across all ages)

· accidents (the commonest cause of death in those under 30)

· mental illness (a leading cause of ill-health and also a cause of many suicides)

· HIV/AIDS and sexual health

While the NHS has a central role in working toward the targets, the strategy also emphasizes that there is a role for everyone in improving the nation’s health.

(Britain, 1996)

Exercise 96. Role-play the jokes.

A. A doctor was called in to see a rather testy aristocrat.

‘Well, sir, what’s the matter?’ he asked cheerfully.

‘That, sir,’ growled the patient, ‘is for you to find out.’

‘I see,’ said the doctor thoughtfully. ‘Well, if you’ll excuse me for an hour or so I’ll go along and fetch a friend of mine – a veterinarian. He is the only chap I know who can make a diagnosis without asking questions.’

B. ‘Doctor,’ asked a patient, ‘I am feeling much better now, and I want you to let me have your bill.’

‘Nonsense, sir,’ said the physician, ‘do be calm; you are not strong enough for that yet!’

C. ‘Doc, said he, ‘if there is anything the matter with me, don’t frighten me half to death by giving it a scientific name. Just tell what it is in plain English’

‘Well,’ said the doctor, ‘to be frank with you, you are just plain lazy.’

‘Thank you, doctor,’ sighed the patient with relief. ‘Now, give me a scientific name for it, so I can go home and tell my missis.’

Exercise 97. Read the text. What steps do you have to follow if you’re sick while travelling? What medications can you get without a prescription? What ailment would you take them for?

In Case You Get Sick.

Getting sick away from home is a very frightening thought, but it’s something you can sometimes be prepared for.

Unless you are planning to move to the United States, check with your country’s own health services or your health insurance agency before you leave home. Ask them what kind of treatment and what drugs they will pay for, what kind of receipts, bills or information they will want from the American doctor or hospital that treats you, and find out the deadline for sending these things in.

People who take medication regularly should bring enough with them for their entire stay. Pharmacists in one town will not fill prescriptions from other towns, nor those from other countries.

If you run out of medicine while you’re in the U.S., you’ll have to be examined by a doctor and get a new prescription.

Some medication – such as aspirin and other mild painkillers, cold medicines and nasal decongestants, vitamins, cough syrups and sore throat tablets, Alka Seltzer or Pepto Bismal for indigestion or nausea, or Imodium for diarrhea – is available without a prescription. You can get these drugs over the counter at drugstores and supermarkets.

But what if you suddenly get sick, or if you have an accident? You can look under Physicians in the Yellow Pages and call a few doctors in General or Family Practice until you find one whose office hours are convenient for you and who has time to see you. It may be easier to go to hospital emergency room, though it is usually more expensive. If you’re too sick to do this, you can call an ambulance. You can find the emergency number on every pay phone.

Exercise 98. Make up dialogues using your Topical vocabulary.

1. You have visited your first fitness class. Your muscles ache after the exercises. Your friend who has had a number of classes meets you.

2. You feel unwell. You seem to have a cold in your head. You call the doctor in.

3. You must have a medical check. You consult your general practitioner first.

Exercise 99. Make up a list of medicines you should have in your first-aid kit (choose from the box). Make sure you know what these medicines are for.

Analgin Nasal spray/nose drops Antidepressant Hydrogen peroxide

Aspirin Iodine Dermal ointment Activated charcoal

Model: Nasal spray is used for temporary relief of nasal and sinus congestion. Iodine is used to treat abrasions and scrapes.

Exercise 100. Translate into English using your Active Grammar and Topical Vocabulary.

1. Пора бы тебе прекратить бояться стоматолога и залечить зуб. 2. Жаль, что он отказался пройти медосмотр. 3. Он выглядел так, как будто боль в ноге причиняла ему невыносимые страдания. 4. Жаль, что у меня тогда болел желудок. Я бы с удовольствием присоединилась к вам. 5. Он будет притворяться, как будто его состояние улучшилось. 6. Он вышел, хлопнув дверью, как будто был взбешен ее отказом. 7. Ты пожалеешь, что бегал босиком по лужам. Ты можешь простудиться. 8. Ей было трудно говорить из-за ее состояния. Она чувствовала, как будто у нее был комок в горле. 9. Пора тебе принять лекарство. 10. Он сказал мне, что ходить пешком полезно. Как будто я этого не знала!

Unit 3

Exercise 101. Consult the dictionary and find the meanings of the following expressions.

to strike (someone) a blow

to strike a man, a dog, etc

to strike a match

to strike (of a clock) one/two etc, half-past six, the hours

to strike gold, oil (i.e. discover)

to strike a chord (on a musical instrument)

to strike a bargain (with someone)

to strike fear/terror/alarm (into someone)

to strike a balance (between two things)

to strike a note of warning

to strike one’s flag

to strike tents/camp

Exercise 102. Fill in the suitable word from the box.

lump human inhumane circular be worth

be worth while historical circulate History

strike strike sth. on sth. worthy piece

1. I was so … by his unexpected departure!

2. The little girl has … her head … the edge of the desk. Luckily she was brought to hospital very quickly.

3. Since euro … all over Europe, it is much easier to travel.

4. Let me offer you a … of advice. Go to the … Museum first.

5. Well, my dear fellow, your money is hardly … the paper it is printed on!

6. We must confess that your refusal … us greatly.

7. She wouldn’t have married him if he hadn’t been truly ….

8. My head is spinning. I can’t stand … staircases!

9. What you did with Mr Guler was …! He may be a poor man, but he is always honest.

10. Mummy, I don’t want to eat cream of the wheat, there are ….

11. I have never been fond of … films, but it is … … watching this one.

12. To err is ….

Exercise 103. Answer the questions. Mind the use of Active Vocabulary.

1. Are you fond of history?

2. Do you easily remember historic dates?

3. Which is the best way to learn the history of the country?

4. Do you like historical novels? Are you fond of historical films?

5. What is the most important historic event of XX century?

6. Do you think it worth while spending much time online?/explaining grammar both in Russian and in English?/doing exercises in writing?

7. When at school, were you good at the Humanities?

8. What can you call a crime against humanity?

9. Can you say that the circle of your interests is wide? Enlarge upon it.

10. Have you got a drama circle in your institute? Would you like to join it?

11. Do you agree that any news circulates fast? Why?

Exercise 104. Read the proverbs. Find Russian equivalents. Choose one and illustrate it.

1. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

2. Between two evils it’s not worth while choosing.

3. One today is worth two tomorrow.

4. The game is not worth the candle.

5. What is worth doing is worth doing well.

6. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.

7. Strike while the iron is hot.

Exercise 105. Read the joke. Comment on the meaning of the verb strike.

A city boy was visiting his cousin on the farm. Walking through the pasture one day, he heard the buzz of a rattlesnake and bent over to investigate.

“Come away from there!” His cousin shouted. “Don’t you now when you go near a rattlesnake he strikes?”

“My goodness!” exclaimed the city boy. “Have they got a union too?”

Exercise 106. Study the Notes on Homonyms in your textbook. Read the examples given below. Find at least three examples (one for each column) using a dictionary.

Homographs (same spelling, different pronunciation)	Homophones (different spelling, same pronunciation)	Homonyms (same spelling, same pronunciation)
wound – wound [waυnd] – [wu:nd]   bow – bow [baυ] – [bәυ]   wind – wind [wind] – [waInd]	some – sum [s٨m]     pray – prey [preI]     hour – our [‘auә]	can = to be able can = to put something in a container just = very recently, at this moment, simply, really, completely, now just = fair, reasonable well = a hole in the ground well = in a good way

Exercise 107. Make up a situation using the homophones below.

Model: Are you free? We can go there now. We’ll be able to take a look at their pictures. If they’re free, we’ll talk to them.

past – passed guessed – guest too – two sail – sale blue – blew

your – you’re its – it’s who’s – whose aloud – allowed stationary – stationery

sew – sow – so cite – site – sight scent – cent – sent pair – pear – pare their – they’re – there

Exercise 108. Make up sentences using both homophones.

Model: The little boy was allowed to read the poem aloud, as he wanted to boast of his reading skills.

rein/rain	great/grate	steak/stake	weather/whether	butt/but
tee/tea	waist/waste	pane/pain	tyre/tire	peal/peel

Exercise 109. Match the words. Use the dictionary if necessary.

1. a slice of	a. paper
2. a bar of	b. banknotes/bills
3. a cube of	c. butter
4.a piece of	d. bread
5. a wad of	e. meat
6. a lump of	f. chocolate
7. a chunk of	g. sugar
8. a wedge of	h. salt
9. a hunk of	i. lemon
10.a pinch of	j. cheese

Exercise 110. Translate into English using your Active Vocabulary.

1. Вам следует помнить такие исторические даты. 2. Когда мы работали над созданием этого фильма, мы консультировались со специалистами из исторического музея. 3. Его бесчеловечный поступок потряс всех. Он всегда относился к людям гуманно. 4. Наряду с естественными науками большое внимание уделяется гуманитарному циклу. 5. Нельзя не удивляться их потрясающему сходству, они выглядят так, как будто они близнецы. 6. Она всегда пьет чай с двумя кусочками сахара и ломтиком лимона. 7. Что у вас с рукой? – Я ударилась об угол стола, и теперь рука болит. 8. Зажги спичку, чтобы мы могли увидеть кнопки лифта. 9. Я была ошеломлена, когда я встретила в гостинице Нью-Йорка выпускницу нашего факультета. 10. Какая валюта сейчас в обращении в большинстве стран Европы? 11. Горячая вода, которая циркулирует по трубам, обогревает здание. 12. Каков тираж этой газеты?

Дата добавления: 2014-11-16