Senquence of tenses

SHALL

Uses	Present/Future	Past
1) polite question to make a suggestion	Shall I open the window?	―
2) future with “I” or “we” as subject	I shall arrive at nine. (will = more common)	―

WILL; WOULD

Uses	Present/Future	Past
1) 100% certainty	He will be here at nine.	He said he would b here at nine.
2) polite request	Will you please pass the salt? Would you please pass the salt? Would you mind if I left early?	―
3) willingness	— The phone’s ringing. I’ll get it.	―
4) preference	I would rather go to the park than stay home.	I would rather have gone to the park.

INDEFINITE PRONOUN «ONE»

Examples	Functions
One should always be polite. How does one get to 5^th Avenue from here? One must keep one’s word.	One means any person, people in general. The subject of an impersonal sentence. (usually not translated)
This book is more interesting than the one we read lat week. Here are two books. Which one would you like?	Any function for replacing a noun already mentioned.
One should take care of one’s health. One should take care of his health. One should take care of his or her health.	Notice the pronouns that may be used in the same sentence to refer back to one.

THE PRONOUNS «BOTH, EITHER AND NEITHER»

Examples	Functions
Both these children are mine. These children are both mine. Both my children are boys. They both accepted the invitation. You are both right. They have both been invited. We must both go there.	Both is plural in meaning and applied only to two persons or things.
a) Take either book. I don’t mind which. The news didn’t shock either of your parents today? b) You may go by either road. The houses on either side were tall and big.	Either refers to two persons or things and has two meanings. a) one or the other of two;     b) each of two; both.
Neither brother as been abroad. We accepted neither offer. Neither of the statements is true.	Neither means not the one nor the other.

Present Indefinite – Past Indefinite Present Continuous – Past Continuous	Дія залежного речення відбувається одночасно з дією головного.
Present Perfect – Past Perfect Past Indefinite – Past Perfect	Дія залежного речення є попередньою до дії головного.
Future – Future-in-the Past	Дія залежного речення здійснюється після дії головного.
Sequence of Tenses
He lives in New York. I thought that he lived in New York.	Одночасна дія
Mother is sleeping. I knew that mother was sleeping.	Одночасна дія
He has returned from London. I was told that he had returned from London.	Попередня дія
He bought a new car. I heard that he had bought a new car.	Попередня дія
He will send us a letter. I supposed that he would send us a letter.	Наступна дія

Непряма мова
При перекладі речень у непряму мову не забувайте застосовувати обставини часу, як вказано в таблиці
Direct speech	Indirect speech
today yesterday tomorrow … ago this … here last year last month last … next …	that day the day before the next day … before that … there the year before the month before the … before the following …

Indirect statements
He said   He told me	“I am an engineer. I work at a plant. In the evening I study English” that he was an engineer and worked at a plant. He added that he studied English in the evening.
He said He told me	“I saw my friend yesterday ” that he had seen his friend the day before.
He said He told me	“We lived in Rome two years ago. My father worked there.” that they had livedin Rome two years before and explained that his father had workedthere.
He said He told me	“I shall tell you about it tomorrow. ” that he would tell me about it the next day.

Indirect questions
Special questions	He asked (me) He wanted to know He wondered
“ Where do you live?” “ Where does he work?” “ What is Nick doing?” “ What have you prepared for today?” “ When did you come home yesterday?” “ When will your mother come home?”	where I lived. where he worked. what Nick was doing. what I had prepared or that day. when I had come home the day before. when my mother would come home.
General questions	He asked (me) He wanted to know He wondered
“Do you play chess?” “Does she go to school?” “Are you listening to me?” “Have you done your homework?” “Did you skate last winter?” “Will you see your friend tomorrow?”	if whether	I played chess. she went to school. I was listening to him. I had done my homework. I had skated the winter before. I should see my friend the next day.

Запам’ятайте випадки, в яких інфінітив вживається без частки “to”:

після модальних дієслів; після дієслів to let і to make; в складному доповненні після дієслів сприйняття: (to see, to hear, to feel, etc.); після виразів I would rather …, You had better …

Форми інфінітиву
	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to write	to be written
Continuous	to be writing	¾
Perfect	to have been written	to have been written
Perfect Continuous	to have been writing	¾

Дата добавления: 2014-11-29