The Participle

THE SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE COMPLEX

is used with a) the verbs of speech:	to say to report to inform	She is said to write a new novel. They are reported to have left London. He was informed to have arrived in Kyiv.
verbs denoting: b) mental activity:	to consider to believe to think to find to know to expect to suppose	He is considered to be a good speaker. He is believed to know English. He was thought to have gone. They are found to be unfit for service. History is known to repeat itself. She is expected to come any minute. He is supposed to know these things.
c) perceptions of senses:	to see to hear to feel to watch to observe to notice	He was seen to cross the street. She was heard to mention your name. She was felt to be suffering. He was watched to dance in the hall. The woman was observed to follow him. He was noticed to unlock the door.
d) order, request, permission, advice, compulsion:	to order to ask to allow to advise to force to make	They were ordered to go to bed. She was asked to come on Monday. I wasn’t allowed to watch the film. We were advised not to drink the water. He was forced to give up this work. He was made to repeat the rule.
e) with the verbs:	to seem to appear to happen to chance to prove to turn out	The child seems to be asleep. He appears to know a lot of things. I happened to see him yesterday. He chanced to have recognized me. Your advice proved to be very useful. He turned out to be a good friend.
f) with the expression:	to be likely to appear to happen to chance to prove to turn out	They are likely to come here. He is unlikely to come tomorrow. He is sure to go hunting. He is sure to ring you up.

Form	Transitive verbs	Intransitive verbs
Active voice	Passive voice	Active voice
Participle I (Present Participle)	writing	being written	going
Participle II (Past Participle)		written	gone
Perfect participle	having written	having been written	having gone
Seeingthat I was late I hurried. Be careful while crossing the street. Being left alone I went on with my work. She tried to calm the cryingchild. Not knowing what to say he kept silent.	Participle I (Active and Passive) denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb.
Having written the letter he went to post it. Having finished their classes the students went home.	Perfect Participle (Active and Passive) denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
Being asked for her opinion she blushed. Having been shown the wrong direction he lost his way.	Perfect and Non-Perfect Participle (Passive) denotes a passive action.

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