Endeavour спроба, намагання 1 страница

2. to undergo зазнавати, переносити

3. to release звільняти, випускати

4. bit processor 4-бітний процесор

5. clock rate тактова частота

6. processing speed швидкість обробки даних

7. regardless незважаючи на

8. performance характеристика (роботи машини),

експлуатаційні якості

9. desktop size настільного типу, малогабаритний

10. laptop невеликий портативний комп’ютер

11. to fit підходити, поміститися

12. workstation автоматизоване робоче місце (АРМ)

13. to enhance збільшувати, покращувати (якість)

14. capabilities характеристика

15. server computer сервер

16. processing unit процесор (блок обробки даних)

17. input devices пристрої введення інформації

18. memory storage devices пристрої збереження інформації

19. output devices пристрої виведення інформації

20. “bus” шина

21. IBM компанія IBM

22. rival конкуруючий

23. brand торгова марка, бренд

24. roughly приблизно

25. threshold початок, поріг

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

microprocessor, equivalent, electronic, instruction, category, graphics, office, business, supercomputer, system, brand, operation, trillion, evolution, era

III. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to apply – application, electron – electronic, conceptual – conceptually, regard – regardless, to perform – performance, relative – relatively, communicate – communication, capable – capability, use – useful, to serve – server, to govern – government, to establish – establishment, actual – actually, to generate – generation, rough – roughly, recent – recently, to operate – operation, product – productivity, human - humanity

IV. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

endeavour, to receive, similar, fast, roughly, to produce, to remain, tremendous, to get, quick, huge, to stay, to manufacture, approximately, alike, effort

b) opposite meaning:

significant, beginning, to increase, useful, expensive, fast, to connect, to appear, the best, to disappear, insignificant, to disconnect, useless, the worst, end, to decrease, cheap, slow

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

human endeavour, to undergo significant changes, to run at a clock rate, to receive a set of instructions, regardless of size, to be divided into several categories, a relatively low-cost machine, enhanced graphics and communications capabilities, scientific research establishments, a central processing unit, memory storage devices, external world, well-known rival brands, the average computer speed, to process data, tremendous amount of memory, artificial intelligence

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

4-бітний процесор, всі сучасні цифрові обчислювальні машини, виходячи з вартості і технічних характеристик, комп’ютери можна розділити на декілька категорій, відносно дешева машина, комп’ютер дозволяє обробляти більше даних, доступ до величезної кількості пам’яті, автоматизоване робоче місце, мікрокомп’ютер з покращеною графікою і здібностями, дорога машина з ресурсом обслуговування потреб великих підприємств, цифрова обчислювальна машина, пристрій введення інформації, пристрій пам’яті, пристрій виведення інформації, на порозі нової комп’ютерної ери, штучний інтелект

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Modal Verbs and their equivalents:

1. The designers can always improve the operation of these receivers. 2. He could use any transmitter for this system. 3. The scientists are able to construct a new device by using semiconductors. 4. We have to increase the current strength by decreasing the resistance of the circuit. 5. After finishing the experiment scientists will have to discuss the results. 6. The students didn’t have to conduct experiments in this field of science. 7. They didn’t have to analyze these data. 8. We may say that photoelectric properties of transistor are largely used in TV sets. 9. In order to see certain stars we must use a telescope.

IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Modal Verbs with the Infinitive Passive.

1. This material may not be used in space technology. 2. It should be noted that these processes cannot be automated. 3. It must not be said that he knows this subject well. 4. It has to be remembered that the machine cannot work at high speeds for a long time. 5. Many new materials had to be developed by the chemists. 6. Space exploration will have to be intensified in the future. 7. This production processes to be further advanced by new technical means. 8. New machinery has to be installed to make this work safe.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words “before”, “after”.

1. Before discovery of the structure of atomic nuclei, it was thought that there existed two general types of forces explaining all natural phenomena: electrical and gravitational forces. 2. The word “helium” come from the Greek “sun” because element was discovered in the sun before it was discovered on the earth. 3. After it became clear that some mistake had been made in the calculation, the experiment was stopped. 4. After a period of discharge the battery can be restored to its original condition by supplying energy to it from an outside source. 5. Some scientific theories existed very many years before they were proved to be true or false.

VI. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “only”:

Note: only adv – тільки

the only – єдиний

not only … but (also) cj – не тільки …, але й

1. It is possible to get the necessary effect only by increasing the temperature. 2. Under these conditions temperature is the only deciding factor. 3. Only a limited number of reactions are known to be influenced by light. 4. The quality of polymer depends not only on the components of its giant molecule, but on its structure as well. 5. Marie Curie investigated all other known elements to find out whether any were radioactive and discovered the fact that thorium proved to be the only other one. 6. There are eight columns, or groups, and 10 rows (7 periods) in the periodic table, and hydrogen is separately classified as the only element in the first period. 7. Mendeleyev not only suggested new elements but also predicted their chemical properties. 8. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on its diameter and length but also on the kind of a substance involved.

VII. Form verbs using the suffixes and translate them into Ukrainian:

- en: length; strength, light, wid(e), broad, bright, hard

- ify: solid, pur(e), simp(e), intens(e), electr(ic), qual(ity);

- ize: magnet, revolution, organ, crystal, character

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Three basic steps in the computer

Input

A program provides the basic instructions the computer must follow in order to do a specific job. Like the basic rules of a game, the program is only the beginning, however. In order to do a job, the computer and the program must also have input (вхідні дані). Input is the data and additional instruction you give to a computer to enable it to do a specific job. The input may be in the form of numbers, letters, words, or pictures.

The computer may receive input through a keyboard (клавіатура), which looks very much like the keyboard on an ordinary typewriter (друкарський пристрій). It may also receive input from a disk or cassette. Until a computer receives input, it can do nothing.

Processing

What does a computer do with the information it receives? Like the human brain, it sorts information, puts it into usable form, and does calculations. This step is called processing.

Output

Finally, the computer does something with the information it processes. It usually displays the results, often on a screen or on paper. The product of computer processing is called output (вихідні дані). Output is the information the computer produces as a result of its work.

You are likely to see this three-step process – input, processing, output – in many day-to-day (повсякденний) activities, such as when you use a pocket calculator. In a calculator the input consists of numbers that you press on its keypad (додаткова цифрова клавіатура) – let’s say the numbers 3 and 7. The processing occurs after you tell the calculator what you want it to do for example, multiply. The output – 21 – appears on a little screen at the top of the calculator.

The calculator can process the same information in different ways. You might have asked it to add the two numbers, in which case “10” would have appeared on the screen.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text A and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. When was the first microprocessor, the 4004, developed? Who did it?

1. What power have computers nowadays?
2. What two companies are the leaders in producing microprocessing units nowadays?
3. What was the initial Pentium power?
4. When did the digital computer’s era start?
5. What is digital computer?
6. What advantages have 64-bit computing system over 32-bit computers?
7. What are the most wide-spread computers in our country today?
8. What two well-known rival brands in the micro processing market do you know?
9. How many generations can Intel microprocessors be roughly divided into?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON FIVE

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

ordinary, nuclear, dangerous, modem, accurate, nowadays, drastically,

b) stress the second syllable:

embrace, communicate, survive, approximately, reliable, alternative, expensive, security, intercept, tremendous

c) stress the third syllable:

radiation, destination,

II. Practice connected reading:

ordinary life, computer network, millions of users, military experiment, to survive during a nuclear war, to be polluted by radiation, to take the shortest and safest path, to stay in touch with each other, packet switching, through the telephone line, Internet host computers, the accurate number of users, fairly approximately, e-mail messages, unreliable telecommunications systems, local service providers, to work through the Internet, towards destination, to intercept and change the data, a huge amount of information

Text A. INTERNET AND MODERN LIFE

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundred of millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the Internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, Telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they have only to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the Internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwithstanding, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words – an anarchist dream.

Vocabulary Notes

1. to survive вижити

2. path маршрут

3. to stay in touch підтримувати зв’язок

4. packet switching пакетне переключення

5. host computer основний сервер мережі

6. accurate точний

7. approximately приблизно

8. telnet інтернет-телефонія

9. FTP (file transfer protocol) протокол передачі файлів (ППФ)

10. FTP server ППФ-сервер

11. local provider місцевий провайдер

12. drastically різко, радикально

13. to gamble грати в азартні ігри

14. router маршрутизатор

15. an encoding program кодувальна програма

16. notwithstanding проте, однак

17. to crack зламати

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

global, Internet, club, server, businessman, technology, information, radiation, modem, control, international, telecommunication, telephone, alternative, system, provider, problem, special, program, effective, anarchist

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to use – user, to radiate – radiation, danger – dangerous, to inform – information, to invent – invention, fair – fairly, approximate – approximately, to serve – server, reliable – unreliable, to communicate – communication, commerce – commercial, cheap – cheaply, to provide – provider, drastic - drastically

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

ordinary, to embrace, all over the world, to help, to stay, to allow, accurate, approximately, to grow, to provide, can, however, to, different, to change, huge, throughout the world, to ensure, to remain, usual, nearly, to permit, to alternate, notwithstanding, various, to include, to assist, precise, to be able, to increase, towards, tremendous

b) opposite meaning:

to begin, to pollute, dangerous, the shortest, to be able, to allow, accurate, to send, popular, reliable, cheap, the first, to increase, the most important, possible, impossible, everything, to forbid, to clean, to be unable, nothing, unpopular, to decrease, impossible, the last, the less important, to receive, safe, to finish, inaccurate, unreliable, the longest, expensive

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

повсякденне життя, спілкуватися один з одним, воєнний експеримент, вижити в ядерній війні, самий короткий і безпечний маршрут, винахід модемів, посилати інформацію через телефонну лінію, точне число користувачів, електронна пошта, читання новин, інтернет-телефонія, надійна система комунікацій, спілкування з усім світом, телефонний дзвінок до місцевого провайдера, розвиватися швидкими темпами, грати в інтернеті в азартні чи звичайні ігри, проблема безпеки, відправити електронне повідомлення, направити до місця призначення, маршрутизатор, ефективний контроль

II. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. Today the Internet is a common thing. It’s on television, in magazines, newspapers, advertisement, our mobile phones, cars, etc. 2. Internet embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other. 3. E-mail is the most widely used Internet application. 4. Today the Internet is so widespread service that it starts forcing out TV, newspapers and radio from ordinary life. 5. Nowadays the Internet is very helpful because it’s a huge database (база даних) of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. 6. Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication and huge wealth of knowledge. 7. Besides data, one can get from the Internet, we can also send and receive e-mail or electronic mail. 8. We can watch movies through the Internet, listen to music and radio, set conferences, etc. i.e. the Internet provides great number of possibilities to use that help us in our everyday life.

III. Define the functions of the Participle I and translate the sentences.

1. Leaving a transmitting antenna, a radio wave travels in all directions. 2. Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism. 3. The oscillations being produced in the antenna are weak. 4. New data being obtained are necessary for nature investigations. 5. Being perfected the device operated successfully under all conditions. 6. Having been designed by young engineers the solar installation was used for melting metals.7. The man testing this engine belongs to the group exploring damages in motors. 8. While using automatic equipment we release workers from many auxiliary operations.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial Complex.

1. Electrons moving through the conductor, electrical energy is generated. 2. The speed of light being very great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods. 3. Transistors being very sensitive to light, engineers use this property. 4. The current in a circuit was decreased when the resistance was increased, other factors remaining the same. 5. Some radioactive materials have been found in nature, uranium being one of them. 6. The resistance of the body being high, small current flows through the body.

V. Define the function of “it” and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. It will take much time to carry out so very many experiments. 2.To locate target on the surface of the sea or on the ground, it is necessary to determine not only in which direction it lies, but also exactly how far away it is. 3. It does not mean that in all the applications of induction heating only the surface of the body is heated. 4. It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. 5. It is these experiments that led to a discovery of neutron and X-ray emission of great penetrability. 6. It is the programmer that ensures the execution of all operations assigned to the computer. 7. It is the programmer that is the connecting link between the computer and the problem it has to solve. 8. It was not until the 20^th century that electronic computers were constructed and put into operation.

VI. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “as”:

Note:

as – як, в якості; оскільки; в той час як; в міру того, як

as …. as – такий же ….. як, так само …… як

as early as – ще

as little as – тільки, вже

as long as – до тих пір поки, оскільки

as late as – вже, тільки

as soon as – як тільки

as well as – так само як

1. As evaporation continues, the temperature of the water drops. 2. This experiment is as interesting as the previous one. 3. These books were published as early as at the end of the last century. 4. As little as one part of heavy water in 100,000 parts of water may be detected. 5. The existence of neutrons was discovered as late as in 1932. 6. We’ll start our work as soon as a number of experiments is carried out. 7. Physical changes continue as long as the exciting cause exists. 8. The laboratory is the place where experiments as well as scientific research of great significance are carried out.

VII. Forms the words using the prefixes and translate them into Ukrainian.

re-: to construct, construction, to use, to take, to name, to create,

to group, to equip, production;

super -: low, critical, to cool, man, to heat, bomb;

sub -: to divide, division, station, way, group, normal;

en-: able, circle, large, close, force, rich.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. ROM (read-only memory)

A computer has to have a built-in set of instructions. It has to know what to do when it is turned on. Different computers have different kinds of instructions in ROM (ПЗП – постійно запам’ятовувальний пристрій), but some instructions are standard and necessary for all computers. For example, all computers have to know how to do various mathematical computations. The computers can “read” or follow the instructions in ROM but it cannot change them. That’s why the memory is called “read-only”.

RAM (random-access memory)

RAM (ОП – оперативна пам’ять) is the memory that holds the software and other input data while you are working on them. This kind of memory is called random access (довільний доступ) because you can instantly go right to any part of the stored data or program. You do not have to run through all the data stored up to the part that you want to see.

You can easily change input data that is stored in RAM. For instance, you can add a missing name or correct a misspelling. However, many commercial software producers write their programs in such a way as to make it very difficult for you to change them.

RAM is temporary memory. When you turn off the computer, everything that has been stored in RAM disappears. If you want to save data that is stored in RAM, you have to store it externally – that is, outside the computer.

The amount of RAM varies from one computer model to another. But no matter how much RAM your computer has, it is not unlimited. At some point, the memory will be filled. When that happens (or even before it happens) you will need to transfer data from the filled internal storage to some form of external storage.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What is the Internet?

2. When and where did the history of the Internet begin?

3. Why was the Internet designed?

4. What is a modem?

5. Where are most of the Internet host computers?

6. What is the accurate number of Internet users?

7. What is the most popular Internet service today?

8. What are other popular services available on the Internet?

9. What is the most important problem of the Internet?

10. Why is there no effective control in the Internet today?

11. Is there a commercial use of the network today?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON SIX

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

captivate, average, occupy, estimate, currently, recent, overload, local, message, nowadays, access, video, upgrade, fiber, binary, bandwidth, modem, satisfy, customer, reasonable

b) stress the second syllable:

however, amount, expressway, perhaps, refer, according, demand, transporting, enormous, transmit, incredibly, coaxial, solution, provider

c) stress the third syllable:

magazine, electronic

II. Practice connected reading:

one might think, millions of computers, more and more users, an expressway of big city center, according to a recent statistics, the average regular telephone call, the local network, to occupy a line for hours, to cause an overload, their number is growing, to provide new challenges, in the early 90’s, the most demanded means of communication, to be filled with voice messages, to browse the Web, answering machine services, to spend enormous amounts of money, to use fiber optic cables, to transmit binary code, the amount of bandwidth, through the coaxial cable, to deliver television from satellites, reasonable in usage

Text A. THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET

Everywhere we go, we hear about Internet. It’s on television, in magazines, newspapers, and in schools. One might think that this network of millions of computers around the globe is as fast and captivating as television, but with more and more users logging on everyday and staying on longer and longer, this “Information Superhighway” could be perhaps more correctly referred to as an expressway of big city center at rush hour.

It is estimated that thirty five to forty millions users currently are on the Internet. According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts five times as longer as the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause an overload and, in turn, cause telephone network to fail. The local network was designed for short calls which you make and then hang up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours. With so many users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually, it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to read different texts. Then in the early 90’s, a way was made to see pictures and listen to a sound on the Internet. This break-through made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication, data saving and transporting.

However, today’s net is much more than just pictures, texts, and sound. The Internet is now filled with voice messages, video conferencing and video games. With voice messages, users can talk over the Internet for the price of the local phone call. Nowadays we no longer have to own a computer to access the Internet. Now, devices such as Web TV allow our television to browse the Web and use Electronic Mail. Cellular phones are now also dialing up the Internet to provide E-mail and answering machine services. The telephone network was not designed and built to handle these sorts of things. Many telephone companies are spending enormous amounts of money to upgrade the telephone lines.

K. Kao and G. Hockman were the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables, as opposed to copper wire, to carry telephone signals. Fiber optics uses pulses of light to transmit binary code, such as that used in computers and other electronic devices. As a result the amount of bandwidth is incredibly raised. Another solution for the problem is fast modems which satisfy the need for speed.

By accessing the Net through the coaxial cable that provides television to our homes, the speed can be increased 1,000 fold. However, the cable system was built to only send information one way. In other words, they can send stuff to us, but we can’t send anything back, if there is no modem available.

Yet another way is being introduced to access the Internet, and that is through the use of a satellite dish just like the TV dishes currently used to deliver television from satellites in space to your home. However, like cable connection, the information can only be sent one way.

Faster ways of connecting to the Internet may sound like a solution to the problem, but, just as new lanes on highways attract more cars, a faster Internet could attract many times more users, making it even slower than before.

Дата добавления: 2015-01-03