Company formation and management

Running a business

Every year there is an increase in the number of lawyers, and legal cases in the courts. To a large extent, this increase is due to the economic growth in the world; more business means more transactions, more possibilities for conflict and confusion, and, consequently more legal activity to regulate business. If you set up business, even a very small one, you will be buying and selling products and services, and perhaps, employing people, buying or renting land, and borrowing money. In order to engage in all of these activities, you need to have some knowledge of basic legal principles such as contract, tort, and land law. And you will need to know about any laws specifically relevant to your kind of business, such as statutes regulating companies. If you do not run your business honestly you may also need a knowledge of criminal law!

Nearly every general area of the law is relevant to running a business, and nearly every country has its own set of laws designed specifically to regulate business. Throughout the world, most businesses face similar problems; they must determine their organizational form; duties to clients; investors and employees; tax liabilities; and ability to minimize losses if the business fails.

1. Why is the number of legal cases in the courts increasing every year? Give real-life examples.

2. What similar problems do most businesses face? Can your think of other problems?

TEXT 2

This text provides an introduction to the key terms used when talking about companies as legal entities, how they are formed and how they are managed. It also covers the legal duties of company directors and the courts’ role in policing them.

Read the text quickly, then match these phrases (a-f) with the paragraphs (1-6).

a) directors’ duties

b) management roles

c) company definition

d) company health

e) partnership definition

f) company formation

1. A company is a business association which has the character of a legal person, distinct from its officers and shareholders. This is significant, as it allows the company to own property in its own name, continue perpetually despite changes in ownership, and insulate the owners against personal liability. However, in some instances, for example when the company is used to perpetrate fraud or acts ultra vires, the court may subject the shareholders to personal liability.

2. By contrast, a partnership is a business association which, strictly speaking, is not considered to be a legal entity but, rather, merely an association of owners. However, in order to avoid impractical results, such as the partnership being precluded from owning property in its own name, certain rules of partnership law treat a partnership as if it were a legal entity. Nonetheless, partners are not insulated against personal liability, and the partnership may cease to exist upon a change in ownership, for example, when one of the partners dies.

3. A company is formed upon the issuance of a certificate of incorporation by the appropriate governmental authority. A certificate of incorporation is issued upon the filing of the constitutional documents of the company, together with statutory forms and the payment of a filing fee. The “constitution” of a company consists of two documents. One, the memorandum of association, states the objects of the company and the details of its authorised capital, otherwise known as the nominal capital. The second document, the articles of association, contains provisions for the internal management of the company, for example, shareholders’ annual general meetings, or AGMs, and extraordinary general meetings, the board of directors, corporate contracts and loans.

4. The management of a company is carried out by its officers, who include a director, manager and/or company secretary. A director is appointed to carry out and control the day-to-day affairs of the company. The structure, procedures and work of the board of directors, which as a body govern the company, are determined by the company’s articles of association. A manager is delegated supervisory control of the affairs of the company. A manager’s duties to the company are generally more burdensome than those of the employees, who basically owe a duty of confidentiality to the company. Every company must have a company secretary, who cannot also be the sole director of the company. This requirement is not applicable if there is more than one director. A company’s auditors are appointed at general meetings. The auditors do not owe a duty to the company as a legal entity, but, rather, to the shareholders, to whom the auditor’s report is addressed.

5. The duties owed by directors to a company can be classified into two groups. The first is a duty of care and the second is a fiduciary duty. The duty of care requires that the directors must exercise the care of an ordinarily prudent and diligent person under the relevant circumstances. The fiduciary duty stems from the position of trust and responsibility entrusted to directors. This duty has many aspects, but, broadly speaking, a director must act in the best interests of the company and not for any collateral purpose. However, the courts are generally reluctant to interfere, provided the relevant act or omission involves no fraud, illegality or conflict of interest.

6. Finally, a company’s state of health is reflected in its accounts, including its balance sheet and profit-and-loss account. Healthy profits might lead to a bonus or capitalisation issue to the shareholders. On the other hand, continuous losses may result in insolvency and the company going into liquidation.

1. What do we understand by a company as a legal person?

2. Why is a partnership not considered to be a legal entity?

3. What is meant by the “constitution” of the company?

4. What important roles in company management are discussed in the text? What are their duties?

5. What is known as “company health”?

TEXT 3

Дата добавления: 2014-12-23