Further reading 2 страница

Cognitive characteristics include information not only about the language picture of the world's peoples, but also knowledge about the world, ideas about concepts, concepts of mental structures and methods for their explication in the language.
Cognitive parameter requires an understanding of the meaning of the statement. When the understanding of the translator performs the exact choice of words, and is appropriate for the context. In the process of understanding the meaning, the translator updates the first factors associated with the perception of the text: 1) the factor of similarity of "own" and "alien" perceptions, overcoming ethnocentric attitudes; 2) the similarity rehabilitating activities of the communicants; 3) the similarity of the language systems (common language); 4) knowledge of the characteristics of the text (topic, coherence, cohesion, structure, information); 5) factors related to the specifics of personal consciousness (the degree of ownership of the thesaurus, the level of competence, the stereotyped language of thinking, the presence of background knowledge, and others).
Socio-cultural parameter is associated with social variability of the first and second language codes; the ability to adequately transfer warerooms linguistic means depending on the social characteristics of the individual and of the text; the ability to adequately transfer the national-specific, embedded in a simulated text; adequate transmission of the artistic image of the text; search language equivalent means capable of reproducing cultural standards, standards, implemented in the source text, ethnic and cultural stereotypes, social norms, involvement of the interpreter as communicant-receptor in the process understanding the source of the messages, sayings, text in a network of social relations culture of the source language in the framework of social interaction with the first Communicator or with the original text, mastering the rules of socio-cultural interaction through text with native culture and language, socialization secondary plan in another society.
Functional parameter includes the following main characteristics, namely: 1) a practical knowledge of stock of verbal and non-verbal means of two language systems to implement communicative, pragmatic and representative functions in the process of translation activities; 2) knowledge of not only the units of the primary and secondary languages, but the ability to use them in different situations, respectively situational variables, the ability to vary; 3) the ability to switch from one language to another; 4) the ability to perceive the source text (perceptual function), then translate it into another language (representa - tive function); 5) the ability to come in contact with partners in communication (the sender of the text and the recipient is in another language) - lymph function; 6) the ability to regulate communication by using language and cultural norms, postulates communicationregulatory function); 7) the ability to adequately convey visual tools feelings of the author of the text, its modal characteristics (expressive and emotional function).
Pragmatic factor. This factor includes the characteristics of defined goals and objectives, primary and secondary level of intercultural communication in the process of translation. Pragmatic features also include knowledge of communication and translation strategies and tactics, knowledge of the communicative-pragmatic norms of communication on the primary and secondary languages, knowledge of the language specifics of cross-cultural speech act types of speech acts, knowledge of the etiquette and rules of speech behavior of interactants in certain situations.

Professional structure parameter of a translator includes such characteristics that are associated, first, with membership of a particular professional group strata of the society, group of people, associated with a specialized and institutionalized activities for a long time. These groups include people, for a long time engaged in linguistic and textual spiritual and practical activities, resulting in all members of this group have the same labour and socio-cultural experience, skills, and professional jargon. Secondly, knowledge of the translation industry as reproductive activity type; third, knowledge of several languages, fourthly, the level of professional competence, fifthly, the level of intercultural competence, sixth, knowledge coordinating and cultural types of bilingualism, the seventh, the ability to creatively rework the text to demonstrate their language ability and skills in the course of translation.
Thus, the language of the translator, characterized by the presence of several parameters (motivational, cognitive, socio-cultural, functional, verbal-semantic, professional) differs from linguistic identity by its characteristics.

4.1.3. Language abilities of the translator and translation competence and its components
Updating and development rehabilitering of the translator's activity involves the formation of specific functional systems, which are considered as properties of an interpreter. It is the faculty of language translator and translation competence. Language ability is considered th. N.Karaulov as one of the main characteristics of linguistic identity, as it was considered as "multi-layered and multi-component set of language abilities, skills, preparedness to implement the speech acts of different complexity, things that are classified, on the one hand, the kinds of speech activity (speaking, listening, writing, reading), and on the other levels of language, i.e. phonetics, grammar and vocabulary" [Karaulov, 1987, 5].
The concept of "language ability" is defined A. M Shakhnarovich "as a kind of functional hierarchically organized system, which is the result of reflection (and generalization) of the elements of the system of the native language, functioning on certain (unconscious) rules. Thus, the faculty of language is a system of elements and rules of their choice. In this system, having, apparently, a hierarchical structure, there are a number of components - phonetic, grammatical and syntactical" [Shakhnarovich, St. George, 1990, 42].
A. A. Leontiev language ability is considered in the framework of a ternary system "the faculty of language - language process - locale" [Leont'ev, 1965].
The faculty of language translator provides mastering, production, reproduction and adequate perception of language characters both primary and secondary languages. Language ability is manifested in the course of mastering the language of signs and cultural norms of the secondary language. It is equivalent to the process of assigning the culture of the society in an indirect form in the form of linguistic signs within interpersonal communication. The social nature of language ability, apart from its psychological side, which is a prerequisite for its development, is that it contributes to the cultural appropriation of the company. The social nature of language ability is determined by the fact that it is formed, on the one hand, in the process of learning the system of linguistic signs, which modeled the social dimension of human life, and on the other hand, the crucial role played by the form of the activity that creates the preconditions for this learning - interpersonal communication.
The language ability of the translator in the process of learning a second language is manifested in learning the phonetic, grammatical and semantic components of the language, its phonetic, lexical and grammatical rules. The semantic component of language ability is formed in the process of structuring reality, when between "slice of reality" and reflecting his statement is the process of structuring reality, with the aim to identify selected elements of the situation with the help of linguistic means. It is this process and is the basis of mastering the semantics of the formation of semantic structures. This process is characteristic and for generating speech patterns. It takes place in the speech production process at the pre-speech stage, culminating in the construction of program statements. In this case, the model generation of statements between blocks of "intention - motive and the program has a place and a semantic component. At this stage, apparently, there is a "highlight" main semantically meaningful elements of the situation, giving them signs and building the hierarchy - importance. However, at the stage of programming statements is, in addition to the lexico-grammatical and syntactic, and even semantic programming, which is an implementation of the semantic component of language ability" [Shakhnarovich, St. George, 1990, 51].

Sykova the ability of the interpreter is based on psycho-physiological mechanisms of generation of speech utterances in a second language, the development of its phonetic, grammatical and semantic components, which, though correlated with the levels of the language system, but are General in nature, and the relationships between them are of a functional nature.
The language ability of the translator as the development opportunities of mastering the mechanisms of generation of utterances in a second language as possible assimilation of the components of language ability should be distinguished from translation competence, which refers to the ability to acquire different knowledge. On thoughts Century Wilsa, translation competence is the competence of the migration underlying the translation process. In the competence transfer includes the competence of both linguistic and extralinguistic as receptive and reproductive. Then, as the translator conceptualize the text, as it builds and builds strategy, which he based on the circumstances, elects functional perspective statements, as it is based on the original creates a new text - it is his translation competence [Wills, 1997, 284].
Statements of D. Himes about communicative competence is closer to the concept of translation competence than the concept of the competence of the migration Century Wilsa. Communicative competence, Etc. Hims reflects the norms of behavior in real acts of communication. This concept includes four parameters: the grammatical correctness, feasibility, acceptability and frequency of occurrence. It is necessary, writes his, to explain the fact that a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences, not only with regard to their admissibility, in short, the child learns a repertoire of speech acts, becomes able to participate in the speech actions and to evaluate the speech actions of others. Moreover, the competence is inextricably linked with the attitudes, values, motivation, language and its use" [Hymes, 1972, 277-278].
Some components of communicative competence applicable to translation competence. So, acceptability (compliance statements to the context or situation) means in relation to translation of the necessity of taking into account as reflected in the text of the extralinguistic situation and context in which it is allowed to use one or another form in the source language and the target language. In addition, the notion of admissibility is accounting of the two communicative situations - the situation of generation of the source text with its participants, role relationships and communication facilities and the situation of the translation with the same parameters.
The notion of occurrence also has a special significance in relation to the translation, since unit equivalents can occur in both languages, but differ significantly from each other by their frequency (occurrence).
More correctly represented to us the definition of translation competence in the work of A. D. Schweitzer, which includes in its membership all of the qualifying characteristics, allowing the interpreter to carry out the act of interlingual and intercultural communication: a special "translation" speaking two languages (at least receptive mastery of the source language and reproductive target language), in which languages are mapped to each other; the ability to "translation and interpretation of the source text (i.e., to the vision of his eyes medium of another language and another culture); ownership of technology transfer (i.e., a set of procedures that provide an adequate reproduction of the original, including modifications required to successfully overcome the "cultural barrier"; the knowledge of the norms of the target language; knowledge translation rules governing the choice of translation strategy; knowledge of the rules of this style and genre of text; a certain amount of "background knowledge"necessary for an adequate interpretation of the source text and in particular what is called the "knowledge"necessary for the successful transfer of this specialization of an interpreter. The concept of translation competence can be specific to the different types of translation and include, for example, creativity necessary for art, and in particular, poetic translation" [Schweitzer, 1988, 28].
Components of translation competence are language competence (knowledge of language units of the primary and secondary languages), communicative competence (languages (first language on the level of understanding, and the second level of play texts, generate statements, secondary, and primary language codes, knowledge of linguistic units at certain communicative tasks in certain situations), sociolinguistic competence (knowledge of social norms, the acquisition of information about social and situational variables on social relationships, social roles and their aspectarian, about the forms of existence of language (literary language, territorial and social dialects, colloquial), functional styles, acquisition of bilingualism), intercultural competence (knowledge of the value of the principles and components of the culture of another people, knowledge of behavioral stereotypes, ethnic norms, value orientations inherent representatives another linguistic-cultural community), pragmatic competence (knowledge translation rules, translation strategies), business competence (knowledge of techniques and technology transfer, information about the peculiarities of translation, and so on).
Thus, the main properties characterizing the interpreter as a language of identity, are the ability to develop your language skills and professional translation competence.

Conclusions

The analysis of the concept of "linguistic personality of the translator" lets talk about it, how about the species concept of the generic "linguistic personality". "The language of the translator" is characterized by the presence of special features that are unique in the whole of linguistic identity and personality. "The language of the translator" is a collective term that includes a number of characteristics of persons engaged in translational activity. To such features include: (a) possession of several language codes; b) the ability to knowledge of language units of the second language, the ability to produce speech utterances in this language, the acquisition and development of phonetic, grammatical and semantic component of language ability; formedness secondary language consciousness; g) acquisition of full and cultural types of bilingualism; d) the presence of the structure; (e) the ability to acculturate to another culture; g) knowledge of the norms, principles and values of another culture; C) belonging to multiple communities; and) possession of translation competence; C) the ability of understanding and interpretation of texts; l) the ability to exercise reproductive activities in a second language.
The structure of the linguistic identity of the translator includes a number of options: verbal-semantic (speaking two languages and linguistic competence in two languages), motivation (satisfaction of social needs in bilingual communication and mediator, able to bring to the medium of another language the information encoded in another language, the need to meet the demands of the society in the new language media), cognitive (cognitive language learning based on the learning image in the world of other people, the formation of secondary language consciousness, learning about their own and other cultural world), sociocultural (the ability to vary the language units of the primary and secondary languages depending on the situation, knowledge of the social history of communicant, social norms, rules of socio-cultural interaction), the functional parameter (the implementation in the process of translation activities of the various functions of language is communicative, perceptual, factual, regulatory, expressive, emotional, representative), professional (professional knowledge of the language, business competence, knowledge of two languages).

4.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples".
4.2.1. Graphics

	Социокультурный параметр Знание стратификационных, ситуативных и функцио-нальных переменных, зна-ние особенностей социаль-ного статуса, социальных норм, правил вхождения в определенные межэтничес-кие социальные отношения, выполнение социальных ролей и др.
		Профессиональный параметр Принадлежность к страту общества-профессиональ-ной группе; владение про-фессиональным языком, жаргоном; профессио-нальная компетентность; знание двух языков; уме-ние осуществлять пере-водческую деятельность

4.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises"
4.4.1. Job. Tasks for independent work of students (IWS)

Read the book Y. N. Karaulova "Russian language and linguistic personality" (M, 1981), write down the definition of "linguistic personality".
Write an essay on a topic of translation as a linguistic personality".

Tasks for independent work of students under the guidance of a teacher (SRSP)

Compare the structure of linguistic identity, the parameters of which pointed Y. N. Karaulov, and the structure of the language personality of a translator. Determine what options they differ?
Determine which parameter of linguistic identity is specified in the statement of L. K. Latysheva "Translation meets the ever-evolving need for communication between people who do not speak a common language, or, in other words, separated lingualtechnik barrier" (L. K. Latyshev. Translation: problems of theory, practice and methods of teaching. - M.: Education, 1988).
Ignorance of the value of phraseological cripples "skeleton in the closet", "dark horse" shows a lack of maturity at Bilingua which parameter?
Determine what level of language personality is characterized by Y. N. Karaulov in the following statement: "...including goals, motives, interests, attitudes and intentionality; this layer provides the analysis of linguistic identity is natural and is due to the transition from the estimates made her speech activity to the understanding of real activity in the world" (Karaulov Y. N. Russian language and linguistic personality. - M., 1987).
Determine what level are described in the following definition Y. N. Karaulov: "...units which are the concepts, ideas, concepts, folding each language identity in a more or less systematic worldview, reflecting the hierarchy of values;...level involves the extension of the values and the transition to knowledge, and thus covers the intellectual sphere of the person, giving the researcher access through language, through the processes of speaking and understanding to knowledge, consciousness, the processes of human cognition" (Karaulov Y. N. Russian language and linguistic personality. - M., 1987).
Check whether the linguistic identity of the sender of the text, translator and recipient representatives of the same linguistic and cultural community or not. Prove it or another position, arguing their findings.
In Russian linguaculture language individuals can use the phrase black stockings, yellow house, tabloids, blue bird, white bone, blue blood. Check whether there are phrases in the lexicon of a language personality, knowing only their native language is Kazakh. If there is a match the value of the word, install their community.
To ascertain the kind of competence and knowledge required to compensate for the "denotation Yam", the elimination of gaps. Prove why the differences between the cultures we are talking about gaps, why it is necessary to compensate for them. Determine what strategies are necessary for this.
In the German linguaculture widely used symbols of man and his nature with symbols of birds and animals: Wandervogel, Spaβvogel, Spottvogel. In the Kazakh linguaculture used in these situations, the only marking of animals: Aidan oir, bot, Kozy, Arlan, it MNEs, at Baylor, at and Einaudi, the Tau Adam, the Stren it Apti. In Russian linguaculture to denote human and traits of his character quite often use the names of the grasses, plants, birds, Oats, Grachev, Soloviev, old bird, goose gripping, owl, crow, thieving magpie, tumbleweeds.
Is it possible for these facts to draw conclusions about the features of the nominative of the strategies of German, Kazakh, Russian language personalities.

4.4.2 Exercises

Exercise # 1:
Analyze the situation and make a conclusion about the importance of knowledge translator "usual" structures of different languages.
The difference between "usual structures of different languages is often very thin, hard to grasp for a foreigner, but if you don't mind, can get ridiculous and rude.
One of my friend Cech said that he had read the novel "the Gods are thirsty", referring to the Roman Frans A. "the Gods crave. American student who taught English, spoke of leaving, "Have a good day" (have a nice day) and suggested to "use the stairs" (use the stairs), and do not go up the Elevator.
Exercise No. 2.
Answer the question, why the interpreter should be aware of functional styles, social differentiation of language, for their ignorance, lack of discernment genres of texts leads to translation errors.
The translator should be able to speak and write in their native language, i.e. not only have a large vocabulary, but also to know how to use it, be able to correctly reproduce the style of human speech, which he translates. Because it is often figurative speech of foreigners means we are not the literary Russian language, and not "kancelarie". And, more recently, in the translation of films on youth lingo, and then, for example, the President of the United States may complain to the adviser that the Congress took him.

Exercise # 3.
Determine why we are talking about linguistic and cultural interference at the wrong translation of the realities of Russian culture "the elder" as the old man the old man, although The Oxford English Dictionary offers several alternatives matches:
elder old man
elderly advisor
spiritual adviser
But these interpretations do not convey the essence of reality "the elder".

4.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on"
4.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them

How do you understand "cultural bilingualism"?
Why the translator can be considered as representative of the multiple linguistic and cultural communities?
What are the parameters of the structure of language personality of a translator, you know?
What characteristics includes motivational parameter?
That includes verbal-semantic option?
What characteristics includes functional parameter?
How do you understand the term "the faculty of language translator"?
What are the components of translation competence, you know?

Exercise # 1:
Analyze the situation and make a conclusion about the importance of knowledge translator "usual" structures of different languages.
The difference between "usual structures of different languages is often very thin, hard to grasp for a foreigner, but if you don't mind, can get ridiculous and rude.
One of my friend Cech said that he had read the novel "the Gods are thirsty", referring to the Roman Frans A. "the Gods crave. American student who taught English, spoke of leaving, "Have a good day" (have a nice day) and suggested to "use the stairs" (use the stairs), and do not go up the Elevator.
Exercise No. 2.
Answer the question, why the interpreter should be aware of functional styles, social differentiation of language, for their ignorance, lack of discernment genres of texts leads to translation errors.
The translator should be able to speak and write in their native language, i.e. not only have a large vocabulary, but also to know how to use it, be able to correctly reproduce the style of human speech, which he translates. Because it is often figurative speech of foreigners means we are not the literary Russian language, and not "kancelarie". And, more recently, in the translation of films on youth lingo, and then, for example, the President of the United States may complain to the adviser that the Congress took him.

Exercise # 3.
Determine why we are talking about linguistic and cultural interference at the wrong translation of the realities of Russian culture "the elder" as the old man the old man, although The Oxford English Dictionary offers several alternatives matches:
elder old man
elderly advisor
spiritual adviser
But these interpretations do not convey the essence of reality "the elder".

4 .5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on"
4.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them

How do you understand "cultural bilingualism"?
Why the translator can be considered as representative of the multiple linguistic and cultural communities?
What are the parameters of the structure of language personality of a translator, you know?
What characteristics includes motivational parameter?
That includes verbal-semantic option?
What characteristics includes functional parameter?
How do you understand the term "the faculty of language translator"?
What are the components of translation competence, you know?

Answer options push-button. This oral communication on two ASYCUDA no B. Cultural bilingualism is bilingualism, carried out on written kanel and no 2A. Proficiency in several languages allows the interpreter to identify with representatives of different linguistic and cultural message B. no Translator can be integrated in different societies Yes no 3A. Seven parametrable no Century. In the structure of the personality of the interpreter are: verbal-semantic cognitive, motivational, socio-cultural, functional, pragmatic, professional parametrize no 4A. Allows you to identify the motivation of translation deyatelnosti B. no Translation is designed to meet the needs of obshestva no 5A. Verbal-semantic parameter includes proficiency in two languages Yes no B. Under this option, the translator must be fluent in two languages and be competent in their linguistic structure Yes no 6A. Under this option, the translator must use the language of units of two languages respectively situatied no B. the Translator must be aware of the functional styles, stylistic stratification of language sredstva no 7A. The faculty of language translator understood as acquired the ability to pick up language periodate B. no Language ability of the translator is developing the possibility of mastering the mechanisms of generation of speech utterances in a second language, the ability to learn the skills, techniques, strategies, translation deyatelnosti no 8A. Language competence, communicative competence, sociolinguistic competence, pragmatic competence, business competence Yes no B. Skills translation skills deyatelnosti no

Tests for intermediate control on the subject

What type of bilingual identity is the translator?
Bilingual, fluent in mixed bilingualism
Bilingual, fluent bilingualism coordinationin
Bilingual, fluent in cultural bilingualism
Bilingual, fluent in full bilingualism
Bilingual, fluent in a second language, knowing the culture of the people-native language
2. What is the constituent structure of the interpreter gives an idea about the knowledge of two language systems?
Cognitive parameter
Socio-cultural setting
Functional parameter
Motivational parameter
Verbal-semantic parameter
3. What is the constituent structure of the interpreter gives an idea about the ways of cognition, language picture of the world?
Cognitive parameter
Socio-cultural setting
Functional parameter
Motivational parameter
Verbal-tematicheskie option
4. Who gives this definition of language ability: "layered and mnogokomponentnyi set of language abilities, skills, preparedness to implement the speech acts of different complexity"
Y. N. Karaulov
A. M. Shakhnarovich
A. A. Leontiev
D. Haims
A. D. Schweitzer
5. What component of translation competence includes knowledge, skills, abilities translation activities?
Verbal-semantic
Cognitive
Functional
Pragmatic
Socio-cultural

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