Grammar practice section

Relative clauses. 1. Match the sentences with the explanations. There are more than one explanation to each sentence.

1. The people who/that work next door make a lot of noise.	a. Defining clauses give information which cannot be left out because it gives important information about the subject.
2. The programmer whose work was the best got the job in the company.	b. Non-defining clauses give extra information. This is separated from the main sentence by commas.
3. No one knows by whom the program was written. (formal)	c. Which and that refer to things. That is less formal than which, and some people prefer to use which.
4. It was the same administrator whom I had addressed before. (formal)	d. That is also used to refer to people in speech and informal writing in defining clauses.
5. The man we spoke to gave us instructions.	e. Who and whom refer to people.
6. That was the easiest task I’ve ever had!	f. We use whom in formal speech and writing to introduce an object clause.
7. The man that we spoke to gave us instructions.	g. Whom is used after a preposition in formal language.
8. Delphi, whichis similar to Visual Basic, is also a programming environment for developing programs for the Windows operating system.	h. In informal language people prefer to use who, or that, instead of whom.
9. The man who writes programs for us doesn’t have special education.	i. Whose means ‘of whom’.
10. The purpose of programming is to create a program that demonstrates a certain desired behaviour.	j. Subject clauses refer to the subject of the sentence.
11. The language which is mathematically oriented is typically used to solve problems of a mathematical nature.	k. Object clauses refer to the object.
	l. We cannot leave out the relative pronoun in non-defining clauses.
m. We can leave out the relative pronoun in defining clauses which are object clauses.
n. We cannot leave out the relative pronoun in defining clauses which are subject clauses.
o. We can leave out the relative pronoun after a superlative.

2. Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence forming relative clauses. Match the sentences with the explanations from the previous exercise.

1. Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded in­structions. The set of in­structions enables the computer to solve specific prob­lems or to perform specific functions.

2. The programs are lists of instructions. Instructions will be followed by the control unit of the CPU.

3. There are two kinds of errors or bugs. The programmers must deal with them.

4. There are syntax errors. They prevent the language processor from successfully translating the source program to object program code.

5. We use symbolic languages. They are easier to understand.

6. Most programming languages are purely textual. They use sequences of text including words, numbers, and punctuation, much like written natural languages.

7. Programming languages have progressed from machine-oriented languages that use strings of binary 1s and 0s to prob­lem-oriented languages. Prob­lem-oriented languages use common mathematical and/or English terms.

8. The boy’s idea was taken. He decided not to share his ideas with anyone.

9. My friend bought a new mobile phone. He didn’t know how to operate it.

10. The languages used to create Web documents are called markup languages. They use instructions (markups) to format and link text files.

11. I’ve never used this program. It’s the best!

12. The administrator’s files were lost. He had to do the work again.

13. I spoke to our programmer. He gave me good advice how to do the work.

14. Bill Gates has become a successful businessman. He didn’t have special education at the beginning of his carrier.

15. John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He submitted a proposal to his superiors at IBM to develop a more practical alternative to assembly language for programming their IBM 704 mainframe computer in late 1953. 16. C is a general-purpose computer programming language.

It was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie to be used by UNIX operating system.

17. William Henry “Bill” Gates III is an American business magnate, philanthropist, author and chairman of Microsoft. He was born in October 28, 1955.

18. Microsoft is a software company. It was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.

19. Bill Gates stepped down the position as chief executive officer in January 2000. He announced that he would be transitioning from full-time job at Microsoft to part-time work to full-time work at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in 2006.

20. I found my friend’s files in the system. He gave me a reward.

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