During-reading

Pre-reading

Ex 1. a) Study these examples with the conjunctions/linking words for expressing positive/negative addition.

Positive addition

• Dogs are friendly. They are also loyal

• Dogs are both friendly and loyal.

• Dogs are friendly, and loyal as well.

• Dogs are friendly as well as loyal.

• Dogs are not only friendly but (they are) also loyal.

• Dogs are friendly. Besides, they are also loyal.

• Besides being friendly, dogs are (also) loyal

• Dogs are friendly in addition to being loyal.

Negative addition

• Neither tigers nor lions are domesticated.

• Tigers are not domesticated and neither/nor are lions.

• Tigers are not domesticated and lions are n't, either.

b) join the sentences below in every possible way.

1. Monkeys are intelligent. Monkeys are curious.

2. Cars aren't allowed in this park. Motorcycles aren’t allowed either.

3. This washing powder is efficient. It is environmentally friendly, too.

4. Cows do not eat meal. Sheep do not eat meat, either.

5. Cats are independent creatures. Cats are amusing.

Ex 2. a) Grammar note: To add information we can use: Furthermore, Moreover, Similarly, What is more, Also. etc. e.g. Selfdefence classes can help you protect yourself. Furthermore, they keep you fit. To express contrasting ideas we can use: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, etc. e.g. Travelling by aeroplane is fast: however, it is expensive.

b) Underline the correct word:

1. Being a doctor is very demanding. Furthermore/However, it is a job in which there is no room for mistakes.

2. Exercising helps us to keep fit, Nevertheless/Moreover, it can be lots of fun.

3. Driving to work can be convenient. On the other hand / Similarly, finding a place to park can be a problem.

4. Living in a foreign country can be very difficult. In contrast/Furthermore one can often feel lonely and homesick.

5. Going on holiday is a great way to relax. Similarly/Nevertheless, taking short trips at the weekend can also be enjoyable.

6. Cities are noisy. Also/In contrast, the countryside is quiet.

7. Living on your own teaches you to be independent. Also/However, it helps you to become more responsible.

Ex 3. a) Study these examples with clauses of contrast:

• They tried hard to save the whale, but/yet it died.

• They tried hard to save the whale; however, nevertheless, it died.

• Although/Even though/Though they tried hard to save the whale, it died.

• In spite of the fact that/Despite the fact that they tried hard to save the whale, it died.

• In spite of/Despite trying hard to save the whale, it died.

• In spite of/Despite their efforts to save the whale, it died.

• They tried hard to save the whale. It died, though.

• Whales are mammals whereas/while crocodiles are reptiles.

b) join the following sentences in every possible way.

1. The rain forests need to be protected. They are still being cut down.

2. The river is very polluted. Waste is still being dumped into it.

3. Monkeys are wild animals. They are easily trained.

4. Efforts have been made to protect animal habitats. They are still being

destroyed.

5. The factory was fined. It's still releasing toxic fumes into the air.

Ex 4. Do this exercise in writing. Giving Russian equivalents

a) put nouns as synonyms: stuff, havoc, wealth, garbage, objective, peril, state, litter, waste, discards, aim, danger;

b) form Past Simple, Past/Present Participles of the verbs: appall, conserve, figure out, overwhelm, pile up, generate, destroy, deplete, recycle, reduce.

c) express your points of view in writing using those linking words, nouns, verbs given above.

Ex 5. Match the words/phrases from List A with their equivalents in List B:

List A List B

1. incinerator a. среда обитания

2. landfill b. мусоросжигательная печь

3. recycling facilities c. обязательство

4. soil erosion d. яма

5. greenhouse gases e. перерабатывающие предприятия

6. solution f. парниковые газы

7. desertification g. эрозия почвы

8. not give a hoot h. опустошение

9. subsistence economies i. быть равнодушным

10. commitment j. решение

11. habitat k. бедные страны

Ex 6. Read the text, write its summary or answers to questions:

1. Why is recycling one of the least important things?

2. What is the best alternative to modern recycling facilities, landfills and

incinerators?

3. Why is it people’s rather than industry’s fault in destroying nature?

4. How are subsistence economies creating environmental havoc?

5. Think then of the forms of destruction in industrial societies.

6. Why do the authors of the article say that the Earth doesn’t need to be saved?

What do they mean?

7. When would we see increased motivation to saving the environment?

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