Max Veber. The power means any possibility to spend in the given social relations own will even contrary to resistance

The power means any possibility to spend in the given social relations own will even contrary to resistance, irrespective of on what such possibility is based.

THE POLITICAL POWER

I. All life of people inseparably linked with the power which is most a powerful tool of protection of human interests, embodiments of plans of people, settlements of their contradictions and conflicts. The Ancient Greek concept “ архэ ”, designating "power" or "domination", had also other value - первоначало or an original cause. It was, apparently, not casual coincidence, and is faster a vague guess about the power nature. It exists everywhere where there are steady associations of people: in a family, work collectives, any organisations and establishments, in the state. It is considered to be that by the nature and an origin the power - the phenomenon social. As the integral companion of development of a human society, it is shown in not political forms, and after occurrence of the states - and as the political power. The phenomenon of the political power in its generalised interpretation as coordination of actions of the most different organised independent groups is studied in a political science by its special direction - кратологией. The power - both the main problem, and the basic nerve of a policy. The power and is perceived to this day by people as "wonderful" means which allows a policy to be formed as the special party of human activity. According to Socrat ( 469-399 BC ), the politician who operates the state and owns knowledge what is the blessing for people, is врачеватель a shower. The political power самовыражается in real ability of this or that social group or the individual to impose the will by means of special system of means of state-legal influence or compulsion, basically irrespective of, it is pleasant or it is not pleasant to all other people.

The power political acts as a key version of the power, possesses enormous creative abilities, represents the most powerful source of development of a society, the tool of social transformations and transformations. But it can become cruel and unfair force, the malicious demon shaking foundations of a society, breaking destinies of the countries and the people. Since antiquity at political thought constantly there is also a power condemnation. In one of Platon's dialogues it is told: “There is no human soul which will stand a temptation the power”. And later two with superfluous thousand years, acting in 1887 in English parliament, lord Ekton will declare:“ The power corrupts, and the absolute power corrupts absolutely … Great people almost always - wicked men … Among that conducts to degradation and demoralisation of the person, the power - the most constant and active force ”. The imperious relations objectively inherent in a society, are an original payment for life in it for to live in society and to be free from its rules of a hostel it is impossible, without them the human civilisation is impossible. Now in the scientific literature it is possible to count more essentially different 300 from each other power definitions. Anyhow, all of them reflect known axioms of the power which in Ivan Aleksandrovicha Ilyin's statement (1885-1954) look as follows:

- The government cannot belong to anybody besides legal power;

- The government within each political union should be uniform;

- The government should be carried out by the best people, satisfying to the ethical and political qualification;

- The political program of the power can include only realizable measures and reforms;

- The imperious political program can include only such measures which pursue the general interest;

- The government is essentially connected with distributed justice, but has the right and is obliged to recede from it in only case when when it is demanded by maintenance of national-spiritual and state life of the people.

II. Throughout all history of mankind the power of one people over others accepted at times the most freakish forms. In the ancient time gave rise to the power the physical superiority: who is stronger, that and corrects. In process of development of a civilisation the power began to be inherited. The capital has turned to later times in a power symbol - who owns it, at that and the power over other people. Thus, traditional sources of the power - violence, the inheritance, riches. In second half of XX-th century even more often began to write about knowledge as one more source of the power. John Gelbrejt (a sort. 1908) in the book ”New industrial society” (1967) wrote that if as an embodiment of energy of an industrial society money in a century of computer science the knowledge for the power of the informed class leans not against the property, on the earth or the capital, and on knowledge becomes that acted. Olvin Toffler (a sort. 1928) considers that in the end of the XX-th century there is “a power revolution” when violence and riches, remaining power factors, concede a priority place to knowledge as it underlies modern concepts of force and riches.

Set of attempts to explain the power maintenance it is possible to reduce to several basic theses:

Not which recognition of presence of the abstract power appearing self-identical, “the power in itself”;

The understanding of the power as any quality or force which can be at the disposal of its time keepers to be descended, grasped, usurped etc.;

Power consideration as the relation assuming the consent of both parties - the manager and operated - to participate in it;

The identification of the power with resources which are used in the politician - power, will power, charm or is simple with charisma (гр. kharisma - divine favour, gift);

Transformation into the power of not political aspects of human life: riches - from economic, influences - from social, values, norms - from cultural spheres;

Power data to the dependence depersonalized by will of circumstances, or interdependence, that is the functions, doing people hostages of the political behaviour preset by traditions;

Power representation as means of political creativity in the course of perfection and harmonisation of rules and principles and forms of a human hostel.

Unequal treatments of a phenomenon of the power at the same time do not exclude each other, they fix different and its absolutely real aspects. In the modern politological literature it is possible to allocate, at least, three measurements of the power:

- According to administrative, directive aspect the power is understood as the domination providing performance of instructions of the power, whether it be the person or institute;

- Functional measurement, that is understanding of the political power as abilities and abilities to realise public management in practice, is caused by that it represents the relation between subjects and objects, political actors (separate citizens, their organised groups, parties, the states etc.);

- Communicative measurement of the power speaks that its departure goes by dialogue, with use of known language, to the clear both parties of the given imperious relation.

At the same time representatives of the majority of theories of the power recognise that its mechanisms have difficult hierarchical structure in which as the formal primary subject and a source властвования the people transferring this function to own official representative - to the state act. The last distributes powers among "carriers" of imperious powers on "horizontal" (legislative, executive and judicial branches of the power) and on “ verticals (the central, regional and local authorities). Together they operate the country population (“ object ”властвования) on behalf of all society (“ the subject ”властвования)”. Such is formal-legal mechanism is put and in system of the political power of the Russian Federation. However actually in all modern states real carriers of the power, as a rule, are the elite and bureaucracy, that is officials and functionaries of powerful system of executive power at its different levels, and also various groupings of ruling elite between which spheres of imperious functions and powers and a control zone over society resources are distributed.

III. If to recognise that the political power possesses certain signs - domination of imperious will, presence of special management personnel, monopoly for a regulation of public life, the right to compulsion concerning a society and the person, legitimacy and the sovereignty becomes clear: its subject should possess, first of all, four qualities - will, the sovereignty, force and authority.

The will represents the fundamental quality of the political power expressed in ability to a choice of the purposes of political activity and mobilisation of all available possibilities for their realisation. Thus it is important to notice that the will should not outgrow in voluntarism, that is the subject властвования should follow strictly to objective laws of social development and consider a real parity of political forces.

The sovereignty of the political power is expressed in leadership of its decisions, formal independence of any external influence.

Force of the power results from set of material and ideological possibilities which it has for realisation of own decisions, for maintenance of effectiveness of published laws and decrees. These possibilities are defined by efficiency of is administrative-legal, military and propaganda institutes of the state, and also power of its financial and economic resources.

The authority of the power means a recognition people of legality and necessity of the political organisation under which power they are. It is the guarantor of political and social stability in a society. It it differs from the authoritativeness representing authoritativeness, constructed mainly on violence and compulsion.

The basic components of structure of the political power are objects and subjects, means (resources) and the process actuating all its elements and characterised by the mechanism and the ways of interaction between partners:

- The subject of the political power - the active, directing beginning of the power (the state and its institutes, political elite and leaders, political parties) which possesses certain qualities and forms the maintenance of imperious interaction through orders, orders, administrative personnel activity;

- The object of the political power (the individual, social group, a class, a society) - if is not present it, there is no also a power. The relation of object to the subject властвования can vary from fierce resistance to voluntary, perceived with pleasure, obedience. Submission also is naturally inherent in a human society, as well as a management;

- Resources - set of the means, which use provides influence on object of the power according to the purposes of the subject властвования. They can be utilitarian, compulsory and standard. Material and other social blessings concern utilitarian resources; to compulsory resources - measures of criminal and administrative influence; to standard resources - levers on private world, valuable orientations and norms of behaviour of the person. Resources concern:

Economic - material assets, money, the earth, minerals, etc.;

Power - the weapon, army, guarding structures;

Social - various privileges of the power, personnel selection;

Information - mass-media, knowledge and the information;

Legal - the constitution, laws, program documents of parties;

Demographic - the person as a resource creating other resources.

IV. Among functions of the political power four are allocated as the cores:

1) development of strategy of an administrative office of a society. Here two basic methods of actions are possible: a rigid regulation of social and economic, cultural-spiritual processes or indirect political influence when the power regulates not public processes, and the factors influencing their development;

2) protection of the basic political values fixed in constitutions. Among them four groups of values round which, actually, and all political life concentrates are allocated:

- National-state security and independence of the country as ability of the state to run the independent social and economic, political courses providing the sovereign power over the state territory;

- Legality and a public order - ability of the power to provide political and social stability in a society, observance of basic laws of the state;

- Economic well-being and the social justice understood as degree of satisfaction of the majority of the population by the financial position, system of distribution and redistribution of the public income;

- Freedom, participation in management of public affairs, the rights and duties of the person and the citizen where freedom is understood as a guarantee of the individual rights of the person, and participation in the power - as possibility of a political choice and the agreement of subjects and objects властвования;

3) maintenance of integrity of political system of the state that demands a subordination of all imperious bodies and institutes, and also their integration on the basis of uniform rules of law;

4) warranting of political continuity and social stability. In realisation of this function it is possible to allocate two levels:

The higher political management where the government is personified also continuity, stability is provided either inheritance, or an election system and appointments;

All politically capable population where the continuity and stability are provided with system of preparation and promotion of the managerial personnel for various institutes, and also system of political socialisation of citizens when they master political norms dominating in a society and value;

Realisation of the political power in a society occurs to the help of the special political mechanism which main components are domination, a management, management, the organisation and control.

The domination of the political power meaning structurization in a society of relations of command and submission, organizational and legislative registration of the fact of division in a society of administrative work and privileges usually connected with it - on the one hand, and performing activity - with another. “Domination, - Max Veber wrote, - means chance to meet obedience to the certain order”. Domination is the form of the organisation of the power in a society. Domination is a political order at which one order, and others submit, though the first can be under democratic control of the second.

The management of the political power consists in development and acceptance of essentially important decisions for a society, in definition of its purposes, plans and strategic prospects.

Management is carried out through direct practical activities on realisation of the decisions accepted by the political power. Concrete administrative activity usually occupies the administrative (bureaucratic) device, officials.

The organisation assumes the coordination, streamlining, maintenance of interrelation of separate people, groups, classes, others общностей people.

Control provides observance of social norms, rules of activity of people and social groups in a society. It also carries out a feedback role with which help the power watches what consequences have its administrative influences.

V. One of the most specific properties of the political power is legitimacy. It represents the form of support, the justification of legitimacy of application of the power and realisation of the concrete form of government or the state as a whole, or its separate structures and institutes. Etymologically the word "legitimacy" originates from Latin legalis that in transfer means legality. However in political science legitimacy and legality are not synonyms. The legitimacy characterising support of the power by real subjects politicians, differs from the legality testifying to legal, legislatively well-founded type of board. In one political systems the power can be legal and not legitimate (mother country board in colonies), in others - legitimate, but not legal (for example, after a fulfilment of the revolution supported by the majority of the population), in the third - both legal, and legitimate, as, for example, after a victory of certain forces on elections.

The big contribution to the theory of legitimacy of the power was brought by Max Veber. It allocated three main types of legitimacy of the power:

1. Traditional legitimacy which is found thanks to customs, a habit to obey the power, belief in firmness of since ancient times existing usages.

2. Charismatic legitimacy which is based on belief in exclusive qualities, wonderful gift, that is charisma, the head which sometimes even idolise, create a cult of its person. Carriers of charismatic authority always appear in aura of the prophet radiating fertile light almost divine or perceived as such true and specifying to people is unique a right way. It is easy to find examples of the charismatic leaders which domination had strongly pronounced personal character in the Russian history. They always to some extent - “fathers of the people”, however legality and legitimacy of such leader falls, as soon as the belief in it избранность grows dull.

3. The is rational-legal (democratic) legitimacy as which source rationally understood interest which induces people acts to submit to decisions of the government generated by the standard rules. Legitimacy of the power in this case is based not upon a habit, and on a recognition of a rationality, rationality of an existing political order.

The modern political science fixes not only more a wide range of forms of political legitimacy, but also considers as its sources not one, and three subjects - the population, the government and foreign policy structures. In particular, by modern scientists it is recognised that political legitimacy can be initiated and formed not by the population, and the state, more truly, its government. In that case legitimacy is often identified with legality, legal validity of the government and its stability in a society. There are examples and that legitimacy can be formed by the foreign policy centres - the friendly states, the international organisations, transnational structures.

VI. New tendencies in development of the political power:

- Power democratisation, refusal of authoritative or totalitarian forms in favour of the democratic.

- Power internationalisation, growth of influence of the international and world problems of the power, a policy and the legislation of the separate countries;

- разукрупнение the political power, development of systems of its diversification;

- Negative process of increase of a conflictness between various branches of the power;

- High rates бюрократизации the device of power structures;

- Expansion of an arsenal of purely administrative technologies which more and more widely and even more often the political power uses.

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