Robert Dal

Any steady type of human relations which includes the power as the main components, a management or authority, is political system.

POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND POLITICAL MODES

I. To understand mutual relations of various authorities, ways and forms of interaction of political structures, "political" measurement of the person political science uses the system theory which allows to consider the world political as difficult organised integrity consisting of set of elements co-operating with each other when change of character of each of them conducts to change of quality of all "ensemble".

Aristotle with that end in view used concept "state system", in a XIX-th century Alexis де Tokvil (1805-1859 ) for same enters into a scientific turn concept of political and state "order", Herbert Spenser (1820-1903) and Emil Djurkgejm (1858-1917) - the term “political system”. Already in the XX-th century Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) for same Max Veber (1864-1920) - through integrating role of the state bureaucracy, a bit later Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-1924) - through cementing role of party of proletariat as central institute of the power etc. tried to describe integrity and orderliness of political life of a society through mechanisms of circulation of elite, It is considered that the Russian scientist Alexander Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (1873-1928) who have created in the first decades of the XX-th century тектологию - “a general organizational science” where the doctrine about the organisation approximately corresponds to present semantic value of system was one of founders of the system approach of modern type. The further development of researches in this direction has allowed to create the general theory of the systems which bases Ludwig has formulated a background of Bertalanfi (1901-1972) who have made scientific definition of system and its major features - complexities, stability, an openness/closeness etc.

Tolkott Parsons ( 1902-1979 ), David Iston (a sort became trailblazers in application of the system analysis in political researches. 1917 ), Gabriel Almond ( 1911-2002 ), Charles Dojch (a sort. 1912 ). Parsons the first has developed model of political system which has been cut off from social and economic on it social and economic and cultural factors and is built on the basis of own most common features. Easton considered political system as set of the various, interconnected kinds of activity which influence acceptance and execution of decisions. This scientist described process of functioning of system as process of interaction of its three elements :“ Input "," conversion "and" an exit ”. On"input"various requirements of the public or expression of solidarity and support by citizens of the authorities on various questions move. As a result of processing by elite circles of these requirements those or other decisions which are transferred to system"exit"where they in the form of state policy certificates are offered for acquaintance and performance are made. Last element of system includes the mechanism of"feedback" providing self-checking and self-development of political system.

G.Almond developed a bit different approach to consideration of political system. In its opinion, the main things for it the functioning special-purpose character, and maintenance of the legitimate compulsion directed on stabilisation of the power in a society is not. Thereupon the central place in political system was taken away to political culture. This scientist rather fancifully represented also structure of political system. It included in it and the elements operating on the basis of rules of law and regulations (parliaments, it is executive-administrative organs etc.), and statuses (citizens and groups), and concrete roles of agents (kinds their expert and activity), and communications between them.

Essentially other approach to treatment of political system has been offered K.Dojchem who has developed its information-cybernetic model. In the book “management Nerves: models of political communications and control” (1963) it has considered political system as difficult set of information streams and the communication communications defined by levels of those or other political agents, the roles executed by them solved by problems, features of process of processing, transfer and storage of messages, and also other reasons and factors. In the general view the scheme of interactions of such information-communicative processes was shined with it on four basic phases: on an input - the block of the data made on the basis of use of various external and internal, governmental and public, official and secret-service sources of informing of institutes of the power; The processing of the data including correlation of received messages with dominating values, norms and stereotypes, current situation, preferences of ruling circles, and also with already available information; the information selected thus becomes the basis for decision-making for the purpose of settlement of a current condition of system; on an exit these decisions provide realisation of corresponding functions of system.

The system approach to the policy studying, applied by Parsons, Easton, Almondom, Dojchem and other researchers in 50-70-s' years ХХ century, working out of conceptual representations by them about the political world as to system carry out an important methodological role and now. The concept of political system allows to see, on the one hand, political life as a complete picture of behaviour of people, and with another - to consider interaction of a policy with its environment. In a modern political science set of various elements, interaction of a policy with other public phenomena or spheres etc. In 80-90th years ХХ centuries the system approaches which have developed in political science is more than two tens definitions of political system which treat it as a complex of ideas, have started to lose former popularity. And though today these models are still used, especially at comparative analyses, in scientific community theories which use system methodology only as a separate processing method of research began to arise or offer ideas replacing it.

Them concerns девелопменталистский (from English development - development) the approach which supporters pay attention to importance for functioning of political system of character of "dependences" of a policy (for example, from dynamics of social and economic development), its structural differentiation (a political subsystem of a society providing autonomy). They pay special attention on "the abilities" of system assuming its readiness for "updating" (that is to maintenance of certain degree of adaptation of the state to time calls), "mobilisation" (attraction by the power of human and material resources for the operative decision of problems), to "self-preservation" (to a non-admission to the power of extreme oppositionists) and to tendency maintenance “to equality” political participants.

Along with similar interpretation of a system method there was an idea so-called “new институционализма” which considers the state as the centre systematising to the politician of a society, but does not deny also possibility of growth of organising influence on a policy of such institutes of the power as corporations, клиентелы, pressure groups etc. the Concept in which predominating not which role internally organising to the politician of structure is denied, the French sociologist and political scientist Pierre Burde ( has put forward a sort. 1930 ). For it the policy represents one of versions of "a social field”, the expert of the separate subjects (agents) possessing those or other "capitals" ( resources ), "positions" (a place in political space ), когнитивными (informative) and motivational bases of actions consists of set. Thus, the political order develops, according to Burde, as a result of difficult dynamic interaction of these an expert constantly changing quality of certain political space.

III. The Political system can be defined as complete and dynamical set of the same roles supplementing each other, relations and the institutes of the power co-operating on the basis of uniform norms and values, dominating social groups set by interests in society and allowing them to realise the purposes and intentions. The political system develops of a number of subsystems - standard, ideological, institutional, communicative, - cultural. It, as a rule, is generated by a principle of pyramidal hierarchy with a mass social base in a basis and top in the form of the government. Its subsystems having vertical structures (from mass base - to directing bodies), - parties, the unions of citizens, public organisations are in the same way constructed also.

Basic functions of political system are:

- Definition of the purposes, problems and ways of development of a society;

- The organisation of activity of a society on performance of the sociopolitical purposes and programs;

- Distribution material and cultural wealth;

- The coordination of interests of different social groups and the state;

- Working out of rules and laws of behaviour of people and groups in a society;

- Maintenance of internal and external safety and stability of a political system;

- Formation of political consciousness, familiarising of members of a society with political participation and activity;

- Control over executions of laws and rules, suppression of the actions breaking political norms.

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