Лексические упражнения. Грамматические упражнения

Грамматические упражнения

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Текст B

FOUNDATIONS

Structures are built on the ground, either directly on rock at or near the surface or on soil lying over rock at some depth. Foundations on soil usually settle to some extent, and builders must ensure that this settlement is uniform and small. Differential settling of the various parts of the structure results in cracking and damage of the fabric.

In the simplest type of foundation on soil, the footing, the topsoil is removed and a layer of concrete a little wider than the wall or pier which it is to support is placed on the ground. In ground of worse bearing quality the separate footings under the walls of a building can be combined in order to form a single thicker and deeper raft foundation. Under a footing the pressure that is caused by the weight of the superstructure is spread into the soil under it, and the advantage of a raft is that the pressure is spread into a much greater volume and depth of ground than it is under a series of individual footings and this reduces the settlement. The raft was developed by the Romans, who used their hydraulic concrete when they placed very heavy foundations, of this type. Modern raft foundations achieve their strength more from reinforcement than great thickness, and under large buildings are often constructed as a series of boxes in which the walls also serve as a basement.

Notes:

differential settling неравномерная осадка

hydraulic concrete гидротехнический бетон

topsoil n. верхний слой почвы

1. How are structures built on the ground?

2. Who must ensure that settle­ment is uniform and small?

3. What does differential settling results in?

4. How is the simplest type of foundation made?

5. How is the foundation made in ground of worse bearing quality?

6. Who was the raft developed by?

7. What are the characteristics of modern foundations?

Упражнение 1. Найдите в первом абзаце текста причастие I. Определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Какие времена использованы в тексте?

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте модальные глаголы и их заменители. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

series (n.), spread (v.), box (n.), superstructure (n.), settlement (n.), rock (n.), settle (v.),basement (n.), bear (v.), raft foundation.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

base n - base v. - basement n.

separate adj. - separate v.

Урок 2.2

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

["RkI'tekCqrql]; [kwaIt]; ['elIveIt]; ['lxtqrql]; [q"kjHmjV'leISqn]; ['relqtIvlI]; ['xkCVqlI]; [pq'tenSql]; [dI'skraIb]; [bI'lqV]; [sOIl]; [kqn'sIdqrqbql]; [Ig'zWt]; [djH]

B

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