Part I. Elementary Knowledge of articles 1 страница

См.: М.Я, Блох. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. М., 1983. - С 74 и след.

Итак, артикль - это не пассивный, контекстно-обусловленный спутник суще­ствительного, а активное средство выражения категориальной семантики особого рода. Данную семантико-категориальную природу артикля и следует учитывать в первую очередь для правильного речевого использования артикля, представляю­щего собой одну из важнейших строевых принадлежностей современного анг­лийского языка.

Hope project finished waiting for details.

Arrive same day Smith.

Cottage on sea-shore for sale. Lowest price imaginable.

Отмеченные варианты нулевого артикля следует отличать и от отсутствия артикля в некоторых устойчивых словосочетаниях и конструкциях, задаваемых отдельными списками. Ср.: in point of fact, on purpose, from morning till night, man and wife и т.д.

Как видим, в английском языке выделяются три типа собственно артиклево-го употребления существительных: определенный (указательный артикль), неоп­ределенный (вводящий артикль) и нулевой («вводяще-множественный», «вводя-ще-несчисляемый» и «изолирующий» варианты нулевого артикля). Эти типы со­ставляют парадигму, выражающую грамматическую категорию артиклевой детер­минации существительного. Существительное, соединяясь с тем или иным ар­тиклем, принимает «артиклевую форму», выражал именно то грамматическое значение, которое нужно говорящему для* передачи своих мыслей в конкретном коммуникативном контексте речи.

Авторы

Exercise I. Comment on the use of the definite and Indefinite article. In each case find an English equivalent of the article.

1. A knock was heard. 2. A week passed sadly away. 3. I dropped the subject. 4. I paused for a moment. 5. The clock said five. 6. The sea was choppy. 7. They heard a cry from the next field. 8. The air was cool and clear and full of promise. 9. An old man like me cannot talk about such things to a boy. 10. Do you need an umbrella? 11. He sat down on the chair near the door. 12. A liar is not believed when he tells the truth. 13. Did Ann get the job she applied for? 14. A drop of water wears away a stone. 15. The woods are fine, and so is the camp, and so is the weather, and so is the whole world.

Exercise 2. Insert articles if necessary. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun-subject in the sentences with the introductory "Where".

1. 1 am sure there was... sound on... stairs. 2. There was... sheet of... paper in front of Winslow. Roy seized it, and began to write quickly. 3. Over... wall, to my left there appeared... face.

4. We ate i n... dining-room and there was... clean tablecloth.

5. Was there... postmark on... envelope? 6. There was... question I wanted to ask you. 7. There was... dust in my eyes,... dust in my throat when I came up from... lowlands in... evening. 8. You must go while there still... time. 9. Between us there was.,. respect and confidence. 10. At... railroad station he learned that there would be... two-hour wait before... next train. 11. There was... small orchestra playing in... room. 12. There was... light knock on... door leading from... corridor. 13. There was... rattling of... trays in... hall as... afternoon tea was brought round. 14. Then there was... casual letter after months of silence. 15. There isn't always... expla­nation for everything. 16. On... following Wednesday evening there was... dinner-dance at... country-club. 17. In... evening there was... great meeting of boys in... School House Hall.

Exercise 3. Usethe proper article. Pay particular attention to the use of the indefinite article before the noun-subject.

1.... study was not... very large room. There was not much light in... room and there were... bars fixed in... window, but it was very comfortable. At... farther end of... room there was... square table covered with... red and blue tablecloth. On one side there was...sofa; and there was... strong wooden chair, so that...

three boys could sit and work together. On each side of...room there were... cupboards filled with... schoolbooks, on... shelf there were some cups, and two candlesticks.

II.... room was about five feet six inches long and five feet wide. On... shelves were six school-books, and some books about... science and birds. On... table there was... big electrical machine. On one wall there was... cage with... bird in it. On... other was ... small axe and some climbing irons. In... candle box there was... young family of... mice.

III. There was... wood-burning stove with... chimney that went up through... roof, and this kept us warm in... winter. There was... paraffin burner on which to boil... kettle or cook... stew and there was paraffin lamp hanging from... ceiling

Exercise 4. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article before the noun-predicative.

1. "She is... wonderful woman," said... girl softly. 2. He was... thin little boy, but his face looked sixteen. 3.... editor was... tall neat man of forty. 4. I am... critic, and I'm... novelist. 5. Dave is... old friend. 6. It was... true story. 7. Now, I understand, he's... writer. 8. It was... fine day, early in June, and... air in King Street was bright. 9. His father was... good soldier. 10. She was... mother with three children. 11. That's... good idea; let's arrange it like that. 12. I was told you were... very good driver, and you are. 13. Look, Michael, I think this is... great idea. 14. Now at last it was... different world. 15. That's... dreadful place for... vacation. 16. Sir Warren was... widower, but he didn't have any real money. 17. I'm... professor of... history at Bemis College. 18.... British hospital was... big villa built by... Germans before... war. 19. Honestly, his face is... open book. 20. She was by nature... sunny soul, and had always taken... smallest excuse to be amused. 21. She's... born actress. 22. He was ... marvellous story-teller. 23. She was (and is)... good actress and... very intelligent Woman. (These qualities do not always go together.) 24. When I was... boy, times were bad for... lot of people in... England.

Exercise 5. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun-object,

I. 1. "I have... daughter, "said Моr. "about fourteen. Her name is Felicity." 2.... lady Franklin seemed to expect... answer. 3. "I think he has... fresh gentle face," she said firmly. 4. "We must send... telegram to Grant and Sibyl," said Duncan. 5. Shall I order... taxi? 6. "It must be... wonderful thing to have grown-up son," said Miss Carter. 7. But I shall write... post-card to Doctor Wing now. 8. She had ... pleasant voice and only... trace of... German accent. 9. He had... wide mouth,... magnificent teeth and... very

good manners. 10. He left... door open and... cool breeze came in. 11. Dave disapproves of... way I live, and is always urging me to take... regular job. 12. She had... top half of... house. 13. I am not... person who can tell... lie. 14. He did not have... car of his own and there was no question of his having gone for... drive. 15. He was wearing... old navy-blue sweater and... old cap on his head. 16. It is so silent. You can hear... mouse moving. 17. I've never had... weight problem. 18. He wore... great green uniform and... helmet like the Germans.

II. 1. Before leaving we had... serious talk. 2. We had... beautiful gossipy time. 3. I shall now go and have... afternoon sleep. 4. Id spite of aspirins with my lunch I still had... headache. 5. Tom was having... bad rime and at last he was knocked off his legs on to... ground. 6. She made... speech in your favour. 7. He appears to have... good sense of humour. 8. He gave... look round... room. 9. I made... awful mistake... first day. 10. He gave me... blank stare. 11. He gave... cry of pain. 12. Each time I gave him... nod and... smile. 13. Sony to put it like that but you won't seem to take... hint 14. Oh, why do women take everything so intensely and make such... fuss!

Exercise 6. Use the proper article. Point out the nouns which denote an object (fit a person) already mentioned.

I 1. He stopped and shook hands with me. He was walking with... stranger. He did not introduce me to him.... stranger nodded and smiled as we parted. 2. They found... tea shop.... tea shop was nearly empty. 3.... mountains were... long way away and you could see... snow on their tops.... snow looked very white and pure and unreal. 4. "Ah, good morning, Miss Chase," he said.... girl answered with... smile. 5.... taxi had been ordered to take them to... station.... taxi was due in... few minutes, and Felicity was still not ready. 6. About... greatcoat he did not tell him, for could he not have spoken of it without... tears.

II The Loyal Mongoose.

One day... man brought home...little mongoose as... pet for his child.... baby was very happy but his mother was not. She was afraid... mongoose might bite him.

As... days passed,... mongoose grew up. It was fond of playing with... child. One day... mother had to go to... market. She put her baby in... cradle and asked her husband to look after him.... father sat by... cradle and rocked it Soon... child fell asleep.... mongoose sat on... floor near... cradle.... father went to... garden.

After some time... mother returned. She carried... basket full of... vegetables. _ mongoose was waiting for her. It had... blood all over its face. She was shocked because she thought... mongoose had killed her baby. She threw... heavy basket at... mongoose. It was crushed to... death.... woman rushed into... house. She found...

child smiling. He raised his hands urging her to pick him up. Near... cradle was... dead snake.... mongoose had killed... snake to save... child.

Exercise 7. Insert articles if necessary. Pay particular attention to the noun predicatives modified by limiting attributes.

1. This was... first house I had in my mind to come to. 2. My father was... fine mechanic. So, almost from birth, I began training to be... mechanic 3. It wasn't... respect he wanted, it was... love. 4. This was... door I normally used. 5. My father without... slight­est doubt, was... most marvellous and exciting father any boy ever had. 6. Now at last it was... different world. 7. This was... moment you'd been looking forward to. 8. The City is... smallest city in... United Kingdom, if not in the world. 9. Ansell? Wasn't he... pleas­ant fellow who asked us to lunch? 10. It was... poorest room Hilary had ever seen. 11. You are... dearest little daydreamer in... world. 12. "It's not... real coffee, I'm afraid," she apologized. 13. He was... only man from whom she would ask for help.

Exercise 8. Comment on the use of articles with abstract nouns.

1. Money attracts money. Graham Beresford had inherited it, he made it, inevitably, he had married it, too. 2. "Queen Anne is dead."-A sarcastic way of saying: That's old news. I heard it weeks ago." 3. He, too, had forgotten the state of the weather. 4. I never laugh at other people unless-unless they do bad work. 5. "It will be lovely weather in the country," said Dick. 6. Then again, though you don't know it yourself, you shirk hard work. 7. Sunday after Sunday, putting on his best clothes, he had walked over to the untidy house north of the Park, first to see Maisie's pictures, and then to criticize and advise upon them as he realized that they were productions on which advice would not be wasted. 8. He had broken the news to his family after dinner on a Saturday night.. "I'm going to South Africa to find diamond. I'll be on my way next week." - **Why do you not tell us where you're getting the money to go," his brother Ivan asked. "It's half-way round the world. You have no money." - "If I had money," Jamie retorted, "I wouldn't have to go looking for diamond, would I? Nobody there has money. Г11 be an| equal with all of them." 9. "The first thing I'm going to do is to put you back in my will, where you belong," - "I don't care about the money I only care about you." 10. Alexandra was overjoyed when she heard the news about Eve and her grandmother.

Exercise 9. Insert the definite article before abstract nouns if necessary.

1. When I heard... news I felt perfect relief. 2. From J information we've got he agrees with the diagnosis of the doctor

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3. Doreen took... money and counted it over carefully. 4. The essayer was in the canteen waiting when Jamie McGregor entered. He had obviously spreading... news, because when Jamie walked in there was a sudden respectful rush. 5. "Well! I hear there is... good news." Van der Merwe beamed. 6. The following morning Jamie went to see about... work at the shipyard. 7. We came in to look for... work. 8. Dr. Teeger said, "I'm afraid... news is bad, Mrs. McGregor. Your husband has had a severe stroke." 9. When Kate arrived home that afternoon, Margaret broke... news to her. 10. "Did Tony tell you he's going to have an exhibition, Mrs. Black-well?" - "Yes, he did. It's... wonderful news." 11. "I've just had... terrible news," he said. "My father suffered another heart attack." 12. From... information we've got he agrees with the diagnosis of the doctor. 13.... weather of late has been ideal. 14.... very strange weather we are having. 15. An obsession drives to... hard work. I myself have always worked like a demon. 16.... weather in London is intolerably hot and the temperature seems to increase the traffic noise. 17. "And what's... weather like outside?"

Exercise 10. Insert articles if necessary.

I. What... shocking weather we are having! Too much rain and
too little sunshine.... sky has been covered with clouds for... week.
In... mornings there is... mist and in... evenings there's... fog....
only good thing about it is there hasn't been much wind. But I see
... storm is coming according to... weather forecast and we shall
probably have a good deal of... thunder and... lightning.... weather
is not usually like this at this time of... year. We don't get much
rainfall anyway.

Usually we get... east wind with a great deal of... snow or... hail and... ice about this time of... year. We often get a lot of... cold weather but I've never known so much rainy weather.

II. The Storm.

... heavy clouds covered... sky, obscuring... moon and... stars.... night became black and... heavy silence and... feel of... air told of... coming storm.

Suddenly... wind rose, sweeping, threatening and cold, over... countryside. And with it came... rain,... heavy pelting rain first in... large single drops but soon turning into... downpour.... leaves of trees whispered and hissed wetly under... rain.... flashes of... lightning lit... drowning countryside illuminating... silver veil of... heavy rain.... peals of... thunder rolled across... sky and... earth shook and quaked under its blows.

Then... storm passed.... lightning ceased and... thunder died to... sudden silence which only... running and gurgling water broke.

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

1. Погода была такая плохая, что я не мог выйти. 2. Какая 12

хорошая погода стоит! 3. Я пришел к вам за советом. 4. Спа­сибо, я знал, что вы дадите мне хороший совет. 5. Вы слы­шали последние новости? 6. Это плохая новость. 7. Я думаю, что только работа может вам помочь. 8. Он попросил разре­шения пользоваться моими книгами. 9. Мы давно его не ви­дели. 10. Как раз время начинать. И. Она может дать вам все необходимые сведения. 12. Нам нужно обменяться информаци­ей. 13. Он был беден и не мог дать сыну хорошего образова­ния. 14. В нашей стране все имеют право на образование. 15. Вы закончили работу? 16. Совет-то хорош, но я не могу ему последовать. 17. Кто дал вам такой прекрасный совет? 18. Это очень интересная работа, я думаю, она вам понравит­ся. 19. Английская литература - мой любимый предмет. 20. Он любит читать книги по истории. 21. Кто читает вам курс лекций по истории английского языка? 22. Я спешу, я при­шел по делу.

Exercise 12. Comment on the use of articles with nouns modified by "such", "rather", "quite" and "what".

1. Think what a scandal this female would cause if she returned with such a story. 2. She's rather a nervous girl, you know.

3. "Uncle Ash and me have had breakfast. This afternoon we're going shelling," John announced, climbing onto her bed. "Aren't we? What fun! You should say 'Uncle Ash and Г, darling," she added.

4. Such a man as Doctor Blount would comprehend. 5. Darling! What a super surprise! I wasn't told you would be here. 6. Doctor Galens was going to have quite a reaction once I started to talk. 7. What a gloomy creature I am on a sunny morning! 8. You poor child: that was such a tragedy. 9. How nice you look, Mrs. Lambard. What an unusual skirt! 10. What luck that the shoes she had bought were slender-heeled black kid sandals, intended to go with the white dress she would have worn.

Exercise 13. Insert articles if necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns modified by the words "such", "rather", "what", "quite".

1. Dreamily he fell to considering what... nice snug dwelling-place it would make for... animal with... few wants. 2. But it could hardly be... star in such... unlikely situation. 3. And you really live by... river? What... jolly life! 4. "Such... rumpus everywhere!" continued Duncan. 5. "Such... good fellow, too," remarked Duncan reflectively. 6. Packing... basket was not quite such... pleasant work as unpacking... basket. 7. And it's not such... very bad house, is it? 8. "All... same, it sounds as if it might have been- well, rather funny, you know!" he added. 9. Oh, what... flowery track lies spread before me! 10. He seemed, by all accounts, to be such...

important personage. 11. Such... rich chapter it had been, when one came to look back on it all! 12. And what... play it had been! 13. Who is it this time, disturbing... people on such... night? Speak up! 14. As it's rather... gloomy place at present, I think it might be advisable not to take John with us tomorrow. 15. What... splendid name! It's so important what you call... cat. I've always been such... rolling stone I've never been able to keep... animal, such... pity.

Exercise 14. Use the proper article. Point out the nouns that have a limiting attribute.

1. He looked at... book under Donald's arm. 2. But we all found it very interesting to hear Mrs. Encombe talk of... people she knew. 3. When it was time for me to go I asked if I could see... rooms I had lived in for five years. 4. So there is something in... stories that have been going around? 5. For... first time she stared about her trying to see what there was. 6. Young Groom grasped... arms of his chair. 7. All... stories in this book were written before... first World War. 8. He asked me about... book I was writing, I asked him about... book he was writing. 9. He made... tea, and ate... biscuits which Mrs. Aberdeen had bought him. 10. No matter what happens to me... rest of my life, this will be... happiest moment I will ever know. 11.... most noticeable thing about her face was... pair of... large brown eyes. 12. As they entered... office,... young man Julia had noticed turned round and stood up. 13.... moment he had gone she turned out... lights and went to... window. 14. I was eating... bread that Rosona had brought up to my room. 15. On... other hand his father had... finest pair of eyes he had ever seen. 16. "Your birthday? "said Pooh in surprise. - "Of course. Can't you see? Look at all... presents I have had."

Exercise 15. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the definite article when the context or the whole situation makes it clear which object or person is meant

1. Then they heard... door-bell ring. "Who can that be?" said Mrs. Wainwright irritably, and Hilary said, "Annie's out, isn't she? I'll go," and he got up and went to... front door. 2. At that moment... telephone bell rang. Rosie took up... receiver and listened. 3. Grant went to... drawing-room, where Alison was sitting with... book. 4. Her husband gave her... glance, and turned his eyes towards... window. 5. He said good afternoon, and went out of... room. 6. He left... door open and... cool breeze came in. 7. It was scarcely necessary, after all, to tell her about... letter. 8.... wedding day turned out sunny. 9.... manager at... hotel spoke... little English. 10.... journey to London was without... adventures. 11. She looked up when... door opened, laid down... volume she had been reading. 12. We walked down... stairs instead of taking... elevator. 13. He hailed... taxi and gave... driver... address of...

restaurant near the Road-Point. 14. "I wish... rain would stop for... moment," said Mrs. Macphail. "I could try to make... place comfor­table if... sun were shining." 15. Mary, put... kettle on... fire. 16. He pressed... bell, and after some delay... door opened. 17. "Come into... library with me, Roger," he said. 18. "So... children are not down yet?" said Ellen. 19. When Christopher Robin asked the Piglet what it meant, he said it was his grandfather's name, and had been in... family for a long time.

Exercise 16. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the article in adverbial phrases of place.

1. He sat in... window shivering. He would not bring himself to turn... lights on. 2. Alison and Nance were talking on... staircase. 3. We were shown into... drawing-room. 4. He looked across... table at Brown. 5. John's notebook dropped to... floor. 6. Henry and Lyon knew almost everyone in... room. 7. She read every novel on... best-seller list. 8. On... mantelpiece stood... photograph of... parents with... glass cracked. 9. Cassie spent... night at home, and on entering... dining-room glanced at... space above... fire. 10.... sunlight moved very slowly on... white wall of... Hospital, casting... long shadow from... ledge halfway up... wall. Longer and longer... shadow grew, and as... shadow moved my head turned upon... pillow. 11. There is... sound of... heavy boots on... road. 12. There was... knock at... door. 13.... servant maid came in from... kit­chen. 14. She broke into... library where Duncan was by himself.

15. Finn was sitting near him on... floor with his back to... wall.

16. I am going to... village shop. 17. He came into... room to shut... windows. 18. We drove down... main road and turned up... side road about... mile away. 19. We walked down... stairs and I got my hat. 20. I lived with... uncle and aunt on... outskirts of... little Kentish town by... sea. 21. 1 walked down to... road and looked over... gate. 22. The Driffields lived in... little two-storey house in... side street.

Exercise 17. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of articles with the nouns denoting unique or generally known things.

I. 1. "Look at... moon," said Eden. 2. He looked down at...
ground. 3.... life without... ideal would be like... sky without...
sun. 4.... horizon was primrose, and... earth against it gave...
momentary hints of... purple. 5. He made... journey round...
world. 6.... three-quarter moon was well above... hills now, and...
sky was filled with... stars. 7. He lay rolled in his blanket, watching
... North Star brighten.

II. 1. There was... new moon in... sky and across... road..
big field lay pale and deserted in... moonlight. 2.... night before
had been wild and wet with... rain, but when she arrived at Atlanta

... warm sun was at... work, attempting to dry... streets that were... winding rivers of... red mud. 3. It was... fine spring morning in... forest as he started out,... little soft clouds played happily in... blue sky, skipping from... time to... time in front of... sun. 4. And... yellow moon, appearing suddenly and silently nowhere in par­ticular, came to keep them company and listen to their talk. 5. It was... different world to him.

III. 1. His eldest son is in... army. 2. He entered... navy at his own wish. 3.... government has not got any account of it as yet. 4. Just tell this man to go - or send for... police. 5. I heard it on... radio. 6. When that's done I'll let you know and then you can tell... party and... press. 7. It will be in... papers immediately. 8. Chkalov was... first man to fly over... North Pole.

Exercise 18. Insert articles where necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns denoting unique things.

Travellers around Sun.

Do you know that you are... great traveller? From yesterday until today you travelled almost two million miles! Without getting into... car or... boat, or... plane, you travel millions of miles every day. You ride on... earth as it circles around... sun. Steadily and evenly, without... bump or... shake, never stopping for... traffic light,... earth carried you many millions of miles since you were born.

Perhaps you have wondered why you cannot feel... swift movement of... earth. You can feel... movement of... car or... boat, yet they go much more slowly.

... cars and... boats do not ride smoothly. You can feel them bump and shake. You can hear... sound of... wheels and... engines. You can see... things whizzing by. You know you are moving because you see, hear, or feel... motion.

... earth's movement is silent and steady and smooth. You cannot feel yourself moving. You cannot see or hear... moving.

Exercise 19. Insert articles summarizing the cases already discussed.

1. "It is... natural thing for... young woman to come downstairs in... morning to have her breakfast," said Duncan. 2. Has... last post come? There was nobody inside.... kitchen was dirty, all... doors and... windows were tight shut. 3. She was... girl of perhaps 22, with... large brown eyes,... button nose and... mouth that looked as though she constantly said: "Ooo." 4. Margot said nothing but sat back in... corner of... seat. 5. Gretchen went to... door and locked it, and returned with... key. 6. He heard... distant voice saying "Bill." 7. Then I searched for... piece of... paper... and pencil, and I wrote... message for... maid. 8. Ansell gave... angry sigh, and at that moment there was... tap on... door. 9.... army is

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