Spelling Formal Informal

Spelling Formal Informal

Spelling Formal Informal

Spelling Formal Informal

Spelling Formal Informal

Spelling Formal Informal

Spelling Formal Informal

now they 'nau ðei 'na ðe(i)

south of Italy 'sauθ əv 'itəli 'saθ əv 'itəli

going ahead 'gзuiŋ ə'hed 'gзŋ ə'hed

yes or no 'jes ɔ·'nзu 'jes ə'nз

Unstressed positions are sometimes marked by the next stage of qualitative reduction. The diphthong [au] is realized as some kind of [ʌ].

and now we've ənd 'nau wi·v ən nʌwi·v

come to 'kʌm tə 'kʌm tə

mark how different 'ma:k hau 'difərənt 'mak hʌ 'difrənt

The diphthong [зu] is sometimes completely neutralized in the unstressed position.

so we've discussed sзu wi·v dis'kʌst sə wiv dis'kʌst

hope to settle it hзup tə 'setl it hə tə 'setl it

Vowel elision is very frequent in informal conversational style. It often goes with other processes involving assimilation and elision of consonants. Elided neutral sound [ə] is very common in the unstressed syllables of polysyllabic words, like:

collective kə'lektiv 'klektiv

different 'difərənt 'difrənt

prisoner 'prizənə 'priznə

political pə'litikl 'plitikl

phonetically fə'netikəli 'fnetikəli

In the last three examples the loss of [ə] in the initial unstressed syllable of a word causes the initial consonant form a cluster with the consonant of the stressed syllable.

Vowel reduction mostly occurs in extended utterances in sequences of words. The loss of the neutral sound [ə] in the preposition to or the particle to preceded by a consonant is a very common pattern.

next to Liverpool 'nekst tə 'livəpu:l 'nekst 'tlivəpu:l

back to London 'bæk tə 'l٨ndən 'bæk 'tl٨nd(ə)n

to see them tə 'si: ðəm 'tsi: ðəm

future situation 'fju:t∫ə,sitju'ei∫n 'fju:t∫ə 'sitjuei∫n

this afternoon ðis 'a:ftə'nu:n ðis 'a:ftnu:n

after all 'a:ftər 'ɔ:l 'a:ft'rɔ:l

In the majority of spoken utterances beginning with it’s the initial [I] is elided when the phrase runs on without a marked pause after the previous saying.

it's paid well its 'peid wel ts 'peid wel

it's necessary its 'nesəsəri ts 'nesəsəri

it's counted as its 'kauntid əz ts' kauntid əz

Likewise in polysyllabic words beginning with the unstressed ex- it is often simplified to [ks].

extremely iks'tri:mli 'kstri:mli

extraordinary iks'trɔ:dnri 'kstrɔ:dnri

excluded iks'klu:did 'ksklu:did

As it has already been mentioned vowel reduction often results in regular consonant clusters like [tr], [fr], [pl], [kl] typical for the English sound system. Cf. tram, try, tree and interesting, aft(e)r all; please, play and p(o)litical; clay, cloud, circle and collective; friend, from and diff(e)rence.

Alongside with regular clusters in informal careless speech we find phonetic facts which seem impossible for the English pronunciations namely consonant sequences [tsn], [tsk], [tsp] and others.

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