Structural classification of sentences

THE SENTENCE

Syntax

THE INTERJECTION

§ 255. The interjection is a part of speech which expresses emotions, without naming them. They are invariable, whereas the emotions expressed by the interjections vary.

Interjections express different kinds of feelings, such as:

joy (hurray, hurrah),

grief, sorrow (alas, dear me, dear,oh),

approval (bravo; hear, hear),

contempt (pooh, gosh, bosh, pah, bah, fie),

triumph (aha),

impatience (bother),

anger (damn),

surprise or annoyance (Goodness gracious, My God).

Some interjections are used merely to attract attention (hallo, hi,hey, here).

Hallo! What’s happening now?

Hey! Is anybody here?

Oh dear! I’ve lost my pen.

Mr. Smith is ill again. “ Dear me! I’m sorry to hear that.”

Bother! I’ve missed my train!

For goodness’ sake, stop misbehaving!

The meaning of other interjections is very vague, they express emotion in general and the specific meaning depends either on the context, or the situation, or the tone with which they are pronounced. Thus Oh may express surprise, joy, disappointment, anger, etc.

Oh! Really? (surprise)

Oh! How glad I am to see you. (joy)

Oh! I’m sorry! (disappointment)

Oh! Don’t be a stupid ass. (anger)

As a rule they do not make part of a phrase, but there are some cases when interjections may be connected with a preposition plus a noun (pronoun) phrase.

We’ve done it. Hurray for us!

Alas for my hopes!

Note:

In these combinations the interjections acquire some verbal character.

INTRODUCTION

Syntax is the part of grammar which deals with sentences and combinability of words. The core of syntax is the study of the sentence. Syntax embraces on the one hand the structure of the sentence, that is, its components, their structure and the relations between these components, and on the other hand structural and communicative types of sentences.

§ 1. Anything that is said in the act of communication is called an utterance. Most utterances are sentences, although there are some which are not sentences and are called non-sentence utterances. Thus utterances fall into two groups: sentences and non-sentence utterances.

Sentences may be regarded from the point of view of their structure and their communicative value.

§ 2. From the point of view of their structure, sentences can be:

1. Simple or composite (compound and complex).

2. Complete or incomplete (elliptical).

3. Two-member (double-nucleus) or one-member (single-nucleus).

These three classifications are based on different approaches to the structural organisation of sentences and reflect its different aspects.

The difference between the simple sentence and the composite sentence lies in the fact that the former contains only one subject-predicate unit and the latter more than one. Subject-predicate units that form composite sentences are called clauses.

Honesty is the best policy. (one subject-predicate unit)

Still waters run deep. (one subject-predicate unit)

You can take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink, (two subject-predicate units, or two

clauses)

You never know what you can do till you try. (three subject-predicate units, or three clauses)

The difference between the compound and complex sentence lies in the relations between the clauses that constitute them (see § 137, 138, 144).

Complete and incomplete (or elliptical) sentences are distinguished by the presence or absence of word-forms in the principal positions of two-member sentences.

In a complete sentence both the principal positions are filled with word-forms.

When did you arrive?

I came straight here.

In an incomplete (elliptical) sentence one or both of the main posi­tions are not filled, but can be easily supplied as it is clear from the context what is missing.

Cheerful, aren’t you?

Ready?

Could’ve been professional.

Wrong again.

Elliptical sentences are typical of conversational English. One-member and two-member sentences are distinguished by the num­ber of principal parts (positions) they contain: two-member sentences have two main parts - the subject and the predicate, while one-member sen­tences have only one principal part, which is neither the subject nor the predicate.

Two-member sentences:

The magpie flew off.

We are going to my house now.

One-member sentences:

An old park.

Mid-summer.

Low tide, dusty water.

To live alone in this abandoned house!

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