Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire

History

Germany

"Federal Republic of Germany" redirects here. For 1949–1990, see West Germany.

Coordinates: 51°N 9°E / 51°N 9°E / 51; 9

Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland ^[a]

Flag	Coat of arms

Motto:"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" "Unity and Justice and Freedom" (de facto)

Anthem: Deutschlandlied (English: "Song of Germany") (third verse only)^[b]   Menu 0:00

Location of Germany (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]

Capital and largest city

Berlin^[a] 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E / 52.517; 13.383

Official languages

German^[1][c]

Demonym

German

Government

Federal parliamentary constitutional republic

•

President

Joachim Gauck

•

Chancellor

Angela Merkel

•

President of the Bundestag

Norbert Lammert

•

President of the Bundesrat

Malu Dreyer

•

President of the Federal Constitutional Court

Andreas Voßkuhle

Legislature

•

Upper house

Bundesrat

•

Lower house

Bundestag

Formation

•

Holy Roman Empire

2 February 962

•

German Confederation

8 June 1815

•

German Empire

18 January 1871

•

Weimar Republic

11 August 1919

•

Federal Republic

23 May 1949

•

EEC Foundation^[d]

1 January 1958

•

Reunification

3 October 1990

Area

•

Total

357,168 km² (63rd) 137,847 sq mi

Population

•

2015 estimate

82,175,700^[2] (16th)

•

Density

227/km² (58th) 583/sq mi

GDP (PPP)

2015 estimate

•

Total

$3.842 trillion^[3] (5th)

•

Per capita

$47,033^[3] (20th)

GDP (nominal)

2015 estimate

•

Total

$3.371 trillion^[3] (4th)

•

Per capita

$41,267^[3] (20th)

Gini (2014)

30.7^[4] medium

HDI (2014)

0.916^[5] very high · 6th

Currency

Euro (€) (EUR)

Time zone

CET (UTC+1)

•

Summer (DST)

CEST (UTC+2)

Drives on the

right

Calling code

ISO 3166 code

DE

Internet TLD

.de and.eu

^a.

^ Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries; all government ministries have offices in both cities.

Germany (ⁱ /ˈdʒɜːrməni/; German: Deutschland, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listen (help·info)),^[e][6] is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world.^[7] Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Major urban areas include Ruhr, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire.^[8] During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation.

In 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and a genocide. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded: the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. In 1990, the country was reunified.^[9]

In the 21st century, Germany is a great power and has the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a developed country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled and productive society. It upholds a social security and universal health care system, environmental protection and a tuition-free university education.^[10]

Germany was a founding member of the European Union in 1993. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world. Known for its rich cultural history, Germany has been continuously the home of influential artists, philosophers, musicians, sportspeople and entrepreneurs. It is a global leader in science and technology.

Main article: History of Germany

The Nebra sky disk, c. 1600 BC

The discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago.^[13] The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a coal mine in Schöningen where three 380,000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed.^[14] The Neander Valley was the location where the first ever non-modern human fossil was discovered; the new species of human was called the Neanderthal. The Neanderthal 1 fossils are known to be 40,000 years old. Evidence of modern humans, similarly dated, has been found in caves in the Swabian Jura near Ulm. The finds include 42,000-year-old bird bone and mammoth ivory flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found,^[15] the 40,000-year-old Ice Age Lion Man which is the oldest uncontested figurative art ever discovered,^[16] and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels which is the oldest uncontested human figurative art ever discovered.^[17] The Nebra sky disk is a bronze artefact created during the European Bronze Age attributed to a site near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt. It is part of UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.^[18]

Main articles: Germania, Migration Period, and Frankish Realm

Migrations in Europe (100–500 AD)

The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east and west from the 1st century BC, coming into contact with the Celtic tribes of Gaul as well as Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes in Central and Eastern Europe.^[19] Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania (an area extending roughly from the Rhine to the Ural Mountains). In 9 AD, three Roman legions led by Varus were defeated by the Cheruscan leader Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of the area of modern Germany; Austria, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hessen and the western Rhineland, however, were Roman provinces.^[20]

In the 3rd century a number of large West Germanic tribes emerged: Alemanni, Franks, Chatti, Saxons, Frisii, Sicambri, and Thuringii. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.^[21] After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved further south-west. Simultaneously several large tribes formed in what is now Germany and displaced or absorbed smaller Germanic tribes. Large areas known since the Merovingian period as Austrasia, Neustria, and Aquitaine were conquered by the Franks who established the Frankish Kingdom, and pushed further east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria. Areas of what is today the eastern part of Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes of Sorbs, Veleti and the Obotritic confederation.^[20]

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