Domains of international law

Traditionally, international law consisted of rules and principles governing the relations and dealings of nations with each other, though recently, the scope of international law has been redefined to include relations between states and individuals, and relations between international organizations. Public international law, concerns itself only with questions of rights between several nations or nations and the citizens or subjects of other nations. In contrast, Private international law deals with controversies between private persons, natural or juridical, arising out of situations having significant relationship to more than one nation. In recent years the line between public and private international law have become increasingly uncertain. Issues of private international law may also implicate issues of public international law, and many matters of private international law have substantial significance for the international community of nations.

International Law includes the basic, classic concepts of law in national legal systems -- status, property, obligation, and tort (or delict). It also includes substantive law, procedure, process and remedies. International Law is rooted in acceptance by the nation states which constitute the system. The following are major substantive fields of international law:

· International economic law.

International economic law, broadly conceived, is a field of international law that encompasses both the conduct of sovereign states in international economic relations, and the conduct of private parties involved in cross-border economic and business transactions. This includes, among other things, international trade law, law of international financial institutions (or what is known as international financial law, and traditional private international law fields. Additionally, international economic law includes the following fields:

Regional Economic Integration, such as the European Union, ASEAN and other regional trade organizations.

International law and development

International commercial arbitration

International intellectual property law

International business regulation.

· International security law.

International Security Law focuses primarily on collective security measures involving both military and non-military activities against both traditional and non-traditional security threats.

· International criminal law.

International criminal law is a field of international law that seeks to regulate the behavior of states, organizations and individuals operating across national boundaries in commission of international crimes. International criminal law also regulates the commission of grave crimes occurring on the territory of sovereign states where those crimes constitute genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, or other violations of jus cogens norms.

International criminal law is practiced by, and prosecuted within, international criminal tribunals, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, International Criminal Court and similar courts. In addition to the categories of crimes listed above, typical international crimes include piracy and terrorism.

· International environmental law.

International environmental law (sometimes, international ecological law) is a field of international law regulating the behavior of states and international organizations with respect to the environment. Core domains for international regulation include management of the world's oceans and fisheries, the polar ice caps, and the regulation of carbon and other particulate emissions into the atmosphere.

The main international treaties concerning the environment are:

1972 UN Convention on the Human Environment;

1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which produced the Rio Declaration;

1997 Kyoto Protocol, entered into force on February 16, 2005;

2002 World Earth Summit.

· Diplomatic law.

Diplomatic law is a field of international law concerning the practice of diplomacy, and the rights and obligations of state representatives on the territory of other states. The broad corpus of diplomatic law derives from one of the oldest principles of customary international law, that of state immunity and sovereign immunity.

Дата добавления: 2014-10-17