Landing Area

Exercise 4.6.1 Read and translate the text.

The landing area or flying field includes the runway or runways and taxiways. The principal element of the landing area is the runway. The runway is designed for aircraft taking-off and landing. To provide safe landings of aircraft there are terminal safety lines at both ends of the runway and side safety lines all along it.

The length of the runway depends on many factors, such as altitude, climate, types and weight of the airplanes that use them. Most modern airports have the runways ranging from 2500 to 3700 metres. And for large super-heavy transport planes the runways are up to 4000 metres long and 40-60 metres wide.

Large jet airplanes use only the airports with paved or hard surface runways, although smaller airplanes car operate from grass strips.

There is a network of taxiways at the airfield. They are also called taxi strips. Their purpose is to provide movement of aircraft about the field. There are connecting taxiways and taxiways leading to the terminal area. One of the taxiways is the main taxiways. It is parallel to the runway and connects its ends.

Taxiways provide access form the runways to the terminal area and maintenance hangars, as well as from the terminal area to the take-off ends of the runways. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere with aircraft taxiing to take off. At busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway connecting its ends. Taxiways are routed so as to avoid crossing of active runways. During peak traffic periods, when a continuous supply of aircraft is available, the capacity of a runway is dependent, to a large degree, on how quickly landing aircraft can be vacated from the runway. Therefore, taxiways should be located at various points along the runway, so that landing aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible to clear it for use by other aircraft. These taxiways connect the runway with the main taxiway. The function of the exit taxiways is to minimize runway occupancy time by landing aircraft. Exit taxiways can be placed at right angles to the runway or at some other angle. When the angle is approximately 30 to 45 degrees, the term “high-speed exit” is used to denote that it is designed for higher speeds than other exit taxiway configurations.

Exercise 4.6.2 Answer the questions.

1. What does the landing area or flying field include?

2. What is the principal element of the landing area?

3. What is the runway designed for?

4. What does the length of the runway depend on?

5. What is the length of runways at different airports?

6. What kind of airports do large jet airplanes use?

7. How can taxiways be called?

8. What is the purpose of taxiways?

9. What do taxiways provide?

10. How are taxiways arranged?

11. What kinds of taxiways do you know?

12. Where can exit taxiways be placed?

13. When is the term “high-speed exit” used?

Exercise 4.6.3 Write T if the sentence is true and F if the sentence is false.

1. The landing area includes the runway or runways and taxiways.

2. The principal element of the landing area is the taxiway.

3. The taxiway is designed for aircraft taking-off and landing.

4. To provide safe landings of aircraft there are terminal safety lines at both ends of the RW and side safety lines all along it.

5. The length of the runway depends on altitude, climate, types and weight of the airplanes.

6. Large jet airplanes use the airports with paved or hard surface runways.

7. The purpose of taxiways is to provide movement of aircraft about the field.

8. The main taxiway is parallel to the exit taxiway.

9. Taxiways provide access from the main taxiway to the terminal area and maintenance hangars.

10. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere with aircraft taxiing to take off.

11. Taxiways are routed so as to avoid crossing of active runways.

12. Taxiways should be located at various points along the runway.

13. The function of the exit taxiways is to increase runway occupancy time by landing aircraft.

14. Exit taxiways can be placed at right angles to the runway.

Exercise 4.6.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.

Посадочная площадка; главный элемент; обеспечивать безопасную посадку; безопасные линии; оба конца ВПП; длина ВПП; высота; супер-тяжелые транспортные самолеты; реактивное воздушное судно; цель; соединительная РД; магистральная РД; выводная РД; технические ангары; следовательно; время ожидания на ВПП; пропускная способность ВПП; приблизительно.

Exercise 4.6.5 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

Aim; aircraft; central taxiway; runway-in use; main element; airdrome; about; rush hour; to clear; to place; as fast as possible; to reduce; to mark; to link.

Exercise 4.6.6 State what part of speech the following words belong to.

1. network

a) verb b) noun c) preposition d) adjective

2. include

a) full verb b) adverb c) adjective d) past participle

3. length

a) noun b) verb c) adverb d) adjective

4. depend

a) verb b) noun c) adjective d) pronoun

5. jet

a) superlative adjective b) adverb c) comparative adjective d) noun

6. smaller

a)comparative adjective b) noun c) superlative adjective d) adjective

7. their

a) pronoun b) preposition c) possessive adjective d) noun

8. interfere

a) full verb b) past participle c) adverb d) adjective

9. approximately

a) verb b) adverb c) noun d) participle

10. higher

a) adjective b) comparative adjective c) superlative adjective d) noun

Exercise 4.6.7 Match the words and word combinations in column A with those in column B.

A	B
1. landing area	a. зависеть от
2. include	b. посадочная площадка
3. depend on	c. зона аэродрома
4. grass strip	d. заключать в себе
5. connect	e. соединительная РД
6. access	f. обозначать
7. terminal area	g. соединять
8. exit taxiway	h. магистральная РД
9. main taxiway	i. доступ
10. connecting taxiway	j. выводная РД
11. denote	k. ВПП с травяным покрытием

Exercise 4.6.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. The landing area or flying field _______ (denotes, connects, includes, provides) the runway or runways and taxiways.

2. The runway is ______ (built, made, designed, designated) for aircraft taking off and landing.

3. The length of the runway _______ (depends, estimates, provides) on many factors.

4. There are connecting taxiways and taxiways ________ (showing, leading, heading) to the terminal area.

5. Taxiways _____ (provide, connect, choose) access from the runways to the terminal area and maintenance hangars.

6. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not ______ (mix, mix up, interfere, accommodate) with aircraft taxiing to take off.

7. Taxiways should be ________ (connected, placed, located, displaced) at various points along the runway.

8. The function of the exit taxiways is to _______ (reduce, increase, minimize) runway occupancy time by landing aircraft.

9. The term “high-speed exit” is _______ (denoted, used, located) to denote that it is designed for higher speeds that other exit taxiway configurations.

Exercise 4.6.9 Fill in the gaps with the related words.

1. The principal element of the _______ (LAND) area is the runway.

2. To provide safe landing of aircraft there are terminal ______ (SAFE) lines at both ends of the runway.

3. Most modern airports have the runways _______ (RANGE) from 2500 to 3700 metres.

4. Large jet airplanes use only the airports with ______ (PAVE) and hard surface runways.

5. The purpose of taxiways is to provide _______ (MOVE) of aircraft about the field.

6. At busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway _____ (CONNECT) its ends.

7. Taxiways are routed so as to avoid ________ (CROSS) of active taxiways.

8. Taxiways should be _____ (LOCATE) at various points along the runway.

9. Exit taxiway can be _______ (PLACE) at right angles to the RW or at some other angle.

Exercise 4.6.10 Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. The runway is designed _______ aircraft taking-off and landing.

2. To provide safe landing ______ aircraft there are terminal safety lines ______ both ends of the runway.

3. The length of the runway depends ______ many factors.

4. Most modern airports have the runways ranging ______ 2500-3700 metres.

5. For large super-heavy transport planes the runways _______ ________ 4000 metres long and 40-60 metres wide.

6. Large jet airplanes use only airports _______ paved or hard surface runways.

7. The main taxiway is parallel ________ the runway and connects its ends.

8. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere _______ aircraft taxiing to take off.

9. The capacity of a runway is dependent ______ how quickly landing aircraft can be vacated _____ the runway.

10. The function of the exit taxiways is to minimize _______ runway occupancy time by landing aircraft.

11. Exit taxiways can be placed ______ right angles to the runway or ______ some other angle.

Exercise 4.6.11 Put the given words in the correct order.

1. taxiways/ runways/ area/ includes/ are/ The/ landing.

2. runway/ the/ length/ The/ of/ on/ factors/ many/ depends.

3. network/ There/ a/ is/ taxiways/ at/ airfield/ of/ the.

4. Taxiways/ located/ be/ should/ along/ runway/ the.

5. The/ taxiway/ main/ parallel/ is/ the/ runway/ to.

Exercise 4.6.12 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Посадочная площадка включает в себя взлетно-посадочную полосу или полосы и рулежные дорожки.

2. Главный элемент посадочной площадки - это ВПП.

3. Длина ВПП зависит от многих факторов, таких как: высота, климат, тип и вес воздушных судов, использующих их.

4. В современных аэропортах имеются ВПП, имеющие длину от 2500 до 3700 м.

5. Большие реактивные самолеты используют аэропорты только с твердым покрытием.

6. Маленькие самолеты могут взлетать с ВПП с травяным покрытием.

7. Цель рулежных дорожек - обеспечить движение воздушных судов по летному полю.

8. Рулежные дорожки обеспечивают доступ от ВПП до зоны аэродрома и технических ангаров.

9. Рулежные дорожки должны быть организованы так, чтобы самолеты, которые совершили посадку, не мешали самолетам, рулящим для взлета.

10. Рулежные дорожки организованы таким образом, чтобы избежать пересечения с действующей ВПП.

11. Функция выводных РД - уменьшить время ожидания садящегося самолета на ВП.

12. Выводные рулежные дорожки должны быть размещены под правильным углом к ВПП.

Exercise 4.6.13 Make up your own sentences using the words and word combinations.

To include; to depend on; altitude; climate; weight of the airplanes; hard surface runway; to range; peak traffic period; therefore; as quickly as possible; along the runway; to minimize.

Exercise 4.6.14 Retell the text.

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