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The International Space Station

The International Space Station (ISS), the most complex and

expensive structure that has ever been launched and built in space,

is expected to be a permanent off-planet extension^ of human civilization.

When completed, it will be a multi-room hotel and research

facility orbiting the Earth every 90 minutes. By that time,

resupply and assembly flight by shuttles or rockets will have become

routine.

The Russians and Americans are partners in this international

enterprise. The three-person multi-national crews will be alternately

composed of two Americans and one Russian followed by a

Russian majority. Later a six or seven-person crew will occupy the

station. Some astronauts may stay on the ISS up to 187 days, but

there are no plans yet for longer missions. The official life expectancy

of the station itself is 10 years, but it should last much longer.

Five times the size of the Russian space station Mir, the ISS

will be one of the biggest objects in the night sky, looking like a

supersize Lego set^, almost as long as a football field. Only the

Moon and Venus will be bigger and more visible.

The fifth-generation station's complexity is as awesome^ as its

size. Built by a partnership of 16 nations, the ISS will consist of 36

modules and hundreds of individual elements that come from all

over the world. The station involves the most technologically advanced

nations — Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan,

Brazil, and 11 European nations. There will be many interconnected

parts from so many countries that it would be impossible to

predict how they would interact.

Hence, it is very important that all of these elements made by

different suppliers should fit together properly and work exactly as

planned. But even if all the parts fitted perfectly, the assembly process

itself in orbit would be risky. The space station is flown while it

is being constructed and each new building block added might

change the way the station behaves in flight, which could result in

serious trouble.

The ISS may be the world's most ambitious engineering project

in history, but it could not have been realized without previous extensive

experience in operating the Russian Mir space station. Mir

was a great achievement. Russia learned how to build and maintain

complex structures in space. Mir also gave citizens of more than a

dozen countries their first opportunity to explore space. It should

be noted that Mir has proved to be the perfect training ground for

the ISS. For more than a decade, at least two humans were always

in low Earth orbit. That is why it was planned that Russia would

supply and deliver 12 modules for the future station, each being a

key module among its 36 ones. They are: the basic power module,

the control, the life support, the service modules and others.

What is the puфose of the ISS? It is a political program as well

as a science program. This program is no longer only about conducting

scientific investigations in the absence of gravity, or about

learning how to build a massive project weighing 400 tons in orbit,

or about establishing the base for a future trip to Mars. The ISS is

more than merely the next great adventure of the space age. It is

also about promoting international cooperation and creating thousands

of peacetime jobs for highly skilled workers and engineers.

The implementation of the broad international program would

require more than $40 billion. Some space experts would like to attract

commercial users such as, e.g., biotechnology companies in

order that the cost of the station should be lowered. And some specialists

have even suggested that the station be used for advertising

and Hollywood filmmaking.

Notes to the Text

1. off-planet extension — внепланетное продолжение

2. Lego set — конструктор Л его

3. is awesome — поражает, внушает благоговение, трепет

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 8. Определите различные функции глагола should, переведите.

1. It should be said that the importance of Mars studies is acknowledged

by all. 2. Reliability of every vehicle should be paid

great attention to during the production process. 3. It is required

that an airplane should be well balanced dynamically. 4. Should

there be even a small deviation (отклонение) in the velocity, the

space vehicle would pass the planet. 5. K.E. Tsiolkovsky suggested

that man-made rockets for the future space flights should use

liquid-propellant engines. 6. We were told that we should take part

in the discussion. 7. One should not forget that electricity is the

most important source of energy at present.

Упражнение 9. Определите различные функции глагола would, переведите.

1. Halley predicted that the comet would appear at regular intervals

of 75 years. 2. If you were on the first manned space station

your task would be to study the stars and planets including Earth.

3. Some materials cooled to proper temperature would conduct

electricity practically without any resistance. 4. In the future it may

be possible to build a dirigible with a metal hull that would carry

hundreds of passengers round the world. 5. In 1883 Tsiolkovsky

wrote that rocket would be the only means able to reach outer

space. 6. Popov would make his experiments with radio although

the government was not interested in the work. 7. We tried to start

the car, but it would not go. 8. We know that a body in motion

would continue to travel in a straight line unless some force were

applied. 9. Without gravity we would not be able to walk in an upright

position. 10. Non-equatorial regions of Mars would be difficult

and expensive to reach and explore.

Упражнение 10. Найдите предложения, где should является модальным

глаголом и где глаголы would, could и might выражают сослагательное наклонение.

1. It is essential that international cooperation should be as productive

as possible. 2. Research and technology should provide the

basis for a better life. 3. Military uses of a space station could complicate

international cooperation since there are several neutral

countries among the participants. 4. It is desirable that international

space cooperation should give significant economic advantage

for the countries involved. 5. NASA agreed that Canada would

develop a remote manipulation system for the space Shuttle. 6. It

should be pointed out that Japan space programmes are based on

close government-industry cooperation. 7. The craft to be

launched would essentially be used as a service module for space

stations. 8. Typical missions of a new system might include the assembly

of space structures. 9. Exploring Phobos would be a difficult

problem because of its small gravity field. If an astronaut threw a

stone right ahead, it would orbit the entire moon and hit him in the

back of the head. 10. Such a vehicle could be operational by the beginning

of the next century. 11. One should know that the broader

the basis for utilizing a space station is, the better the prospects for

economic efficiency of developing it are. 12. After the Challenger

tragedy the military experts insisted that a new Shuttle should be

built. 13. It was reported that the appearance of photon computers

could be expected.

Упражнение 11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности

страдательного залога.

1. In mechanics the study of kinematics is followed by the study

of dynamics. 2. A gas may be looked upon as the vapour of a liquid

with a very low boiling point or very great vapour pressure. 3. Lead

is very slightly acted upon by the oxygen of the air. 4. The works of

Tsiolkovsky were followed by a number of very important works in

the field of astronautics. 5. The production of special metallurgical

alloys is seldom influenced by gravity. 6. This article describes

design characteristics which are followed by the description of the

results of the experiments. This description is followed by a discussion

of nontechnical aspects of the lunar programme proposed.

Упражнение 12, Переведите предложения с глаголом to resw//с различными

предлогами.

1. It is well known that automation results in higher labour productivity.

2. The first manned space flight has resulted from the

great achievements in Russian science. 3. This experiment resulted

in the discovery of several new properties of the composite material,

4. A release of atomic energy results from a very complex process.

5. World War II resulted in the victory of the USSR, the US

and Great Britain. 6. Such experiments usually result in obtaining

new information. 7. The motion of an electron results from a force

acting upon it. 8. The growing intensity of air traffic has resulted in

the automation of its control. 9. Newton's famous work «Principia»

resulted from 40 years of experimental work.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 13. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.

gravity, peaceful, permanent, consequence, subatomic, dominant,

relative, relativity, flexible, apparently, celebrity, novelty,

connection, complicate, desirable, significant, utilize, pressure, famous,

involvement, significance, weightlessness, eaten, recorder,

supression, useless, dense, density, depth, damage, shorten.

Упражнение 14. Образуйте существительные от слов.

appear, explore, prepare, prior, important, implement, transit,

propose, create, lighten, encode, structural, useful, discuss, grow,

store, differ, electronic.

Упражнение 15. Найдите:

а) синонимы

spacecraft, to call, artificial, significance, area, man-made,

satellite, purpose, complicated, importance, space vehicle, explorer,

aim, to guide, to offer, researcher, investigation, to incorporate,

sophisticated, to propose, to determine, exploration, to

define, to gather, to control, to collect, to name, to include, district,

moon;

б) антонимы

special, upper, unmanned, natural, last, manned, unequal,

conventional, distant, first, lower, civil, equal, inefficient, military,

near, efficient, artificial.

Упражнение 16. Переведите предложения с глаголом to involve и его производными.

1. NASA began looking for the way to involve other countries

in its post-Apollo space programme. 2. International involvement in

the space programme raises a number of questions. 3. The international

programme has involved Russia, Canada, Japan and some developing

countries, as well as both individual European countries

and various European space organizations. 4. There exists a clear

trend towards increased international involvement in those uses of

space which could be economically beneficial. 5. The aim of the

experiment involving dogs, monkeys and other animals aboard

Kosmos satellite was to study the way zero gravitation affects the

living organisms. 6. An efficient radiator is capable of warming a

large room, the process involved is called convection. 7. Work with

computers and other sophisticated electronic devices involves two

different types of construction: hardware and software.

Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции

слова only.

1. You are the only person who could help us in solving this

problem. 2. The International Academy of Astronautics including

nearly one thousand scientists and engineers from 50 countries is

the only organization which can plan technical efforts on an international

scale. 3. Only through cooperation on a world-wide scale

could space technology be improved. 4. Effective communication

across national borders appeared to be the only way for space science

to develop successfully.

Упражнение 18. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в страдательном залоге, переведите.

Dolly Madison was born in South Carolina while her parents

were visiting there. She was soon taken to Virginia where she was

educated. She was taught by her Quaker parents to say «thee» and

«thou» for «you». Dolly was married to John Payne who died a

short time afterwards from yellow fever. Several years later she was

married to James Madison, a brilliant lawyer. When Thomas Jefferson

was elected President of the US, James Madison became

Secretary of State. Mr. Jefferson was a widower, so Dolly was often

invited to preside at the White House. When James Madison was

elected president, Mrs. Madison was the hostess of the White

House on all occasions. People from everywhere were impressed

with her sincerity and her love for humanity.

Упражнение 19. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

beaten, steal, carrying out, learnt, ate, slept, fly.

Упражнение 20. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.

Exploration experts suggest that the tiny moon Phobos should

be used as a perfect place for gas refilling station. Some scientists

think Phobos rocks to contain crystalline ice. If one heats them, it

will be possible to produce water. The latter could be divided into

hydrogen and oxygen which are necessary components for rocket

propulsion. Such a fuel supply would greatly reduce the amount of

weight that must be delivered from the Earth for manned missions

to Mars. Thus, it might be possible for spacecrafts to leave the

Earth for Mars carrying no return fuel. To get home, they should

simply fill up at Phobos.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is the ISS? (the most complex and expensive structure

in space and research facility orbiting the Earth) 2. What will it

look like when completed? (a supersize Lego set, almost as long as

a football field) 3. What is its size compared with Russian-built Mir

space station? (five times the Mir station size) 4. What modules is it

expected to consist of? (36 modules) 5. How many countries are involved

in the project? (16 countries) 6. What methodology is being

used to build the ISS? (the same methodology as for Mir but on a

larger scale) 7. What is the purpose of the ISS? (to promote international

cooperation and create peacetime jobs for highly skilled

workers and engineers)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. The Russians and Americans

are equal partners

2. It is suggested that

3. It is very important

4. The multi-national crew

will occupy

5. Space experts expect

6. The cost of the station is

likely

7. The ISS is more

1. to be more than $40 billion.

2. that all individual elements coming

from different suppliers all over the

world should fit together properly.

3. Russia deliver 12 key modules for

the station.

4. the official life of the station to be

10 years.

5. the station and stay on it up to

187 days.

6. than merely the next great adventure

of the space age: it is a political

program as well as a science program.

7. in the implementation of this massive

engineering project weighing

400 tons.

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

Satellites

Peter: Hello, Ann. How did you happen to come to California?

Ann,: Hello, Peter. How are you? My father got a job here. It is so

exciting to meet you here. I've not seen you since you graduated

from the University.

P.: I'm working on a newspaper. I cover the space research problems.

Now I study the application of space satellites for scientific

puфoses.

A.: I think that the best application of satellites is for military purposes.

P.: You are absolutely wrong. The most promising field of аррИ-

cation of satellites is the scientific one.

A.: Oh, Yes, I know satellites look down on everything: the

clouds, forests and oceans, the winds, ice on the sea. But

don't forget spy (шпион) satellites.

p.: Spy and weather satellites gather data for forecasting. The

Japanese have a satellite studying the ocean; European and

Russian satellites produce radar images of the ground; an

American satellite is studying the upper atmosphere.

A.: It seems to me that the era of satellites has passed. You see,

the Japanese have already delayed the launch of their earth

observing mission.

P.: Yes, they did, because of cost. The most effective way to

gather data is not always with a big satellite.

A.: Have you met my elder brother Mike?

P.: Of course, I have. We played in the same football team at the

college, though he is about three years older than me.

A.: He is five years older than you. He takes part in the research

programme at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. They

are developing now a small cheap satellite. It would carry

three simple instruments to measure clouds, water vapour and

surface temperature.

P.: Oh, really. I think, that such researches make sense, and help

develop a single Global Chmate Observing System.

A.: Such a system could change the world or at least see the world

changing.

Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement.

Space exploration ought to be abandoned (откладываться) until

more important problems of mankind have been solved.

One point of view: Space exploration is very expensive; food production is far

more important than Mars studies or Moon walks; it is immoral to spend huge sums of

money on space exploration while millions of people suffer hunger (голод); space exploration

is useless anyway because we can't colonize other planets; it would be much

better to colonize, for example, the Sahara before trying to colonize the Moon or

Mars; mankind must not waste its resources.

A contrary point of view: Space exploration is of great significance for scientific

and technological development; space exploration gives man new knowledge that he

can use for other purposes; we may find 10,000 things to do on the ISS that nobody

has thought of or even imagined.

Exercise 5. Conduct a scientific conference on: «The potential of space

exploration for peaceful purposes».

Use texts 12 A, B, C, exercise 3 (Satellites) as a basis for the preparation of oral

talks and discussion. Useful words and phrases of scientific communication are given

in exercise 5 (see Lesson 10 «Conversation»).

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