Понятие и сущность туризма 1 страница

UNIT 7

UNIT 6

UNIT 5

UNIT 4

UNIT 3

UNIT 2

UNIT 1

Task 1. Прослухайте наступний текст:

Two businessmen were invited to dinner at the home of a college professor. One of the men did not have much education and was worried that he might make a fool of himself, but his friend said, “Don’t worry. Just do what I do, and don't talk about anything that you don’t really understand.”

The first man managed to get through the dinner successfully, but by the end of the evening he had had a lot to drink, and began to get careless.

A guest asked him whether he liked Shakespeare, and he answered confidently, “It’s very pleasant, but I prefer scotch.” There was an uncomfortable silence in the room, and soon people began to leave.

When the two friends were out of the house, the second man said to his friend, “You certainly made a fool of yourself making that silly remark about scotch.”

“What do you mean?” asked the other man. “What was wrong with it?”

“Everybody knows that Shakespeare isn’t a drink,” his friend replied. “It’s a kind of cheese.”

Task 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. Where were the two businessmen invited?

2. Why was one of them worried?

3. What happened to the businessman by the end of the evening?

4.What did a guest ask him?

5.What did he answer?

6.What did his friend say to him after they had left?

7.What was his friend’s opinion on the subject?

8.Who was Shakespeare really?

Task 3. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях, використовуючи слова з дужок:

1. The businessmen’s reason _________to the professor’s house was ________him to help them with a new proposal. (for going, to go), (for persuading, to persuade)

2. The possibility_________so had been pointed out to them by a friend, whose efforts__________them together were finally successful. (of his doing, to do), (of bringing, to bring)

3. The professor asked his wife’s opinion_________the businessmen to dinner because she had the reputation__________a good hostess. (about inviting, to invite), (of being, to be)

4. Her tendency ________along with businessmen was good, and her husband said that her ability _________so was important. (of getting, to get), (of doing, to do)

Task 4. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді:

The professor a. asked one of the businessmen about

Shakespeare

1.The man whose friend had b. gave a dinner party

made a fool of himself

2. One of the businessmen c. was a famous poet and writer

3. A guest d. thought that Shakespeare

was a kind of cheese

4.Shakespeare e. thought that Shakespeare was a drink.

Task 1. Прослухайте наступний текст:

Senior citizens are permitted to travel cheaply on a bus if they have a special card. Women may get the card when they are sixty.

Mrs. Matthews lived in the country but she went into town once a week to buy food and other things for the house, and she usually went by bus. She always had to pay the full price for her ride.

Then she reached the age of sixty and got her senior citizen’ card, but when she used it for the first time on the bus, it made her feel very old.

The bus driver had often seen her traveling on the bus before, and he noticed that she was feeling unhappy, so after she had paid her money, he winked at her and whispered, "Don’t forget to give your mother’s card back to her when you see her again.”

Mrs. Matthews was very happy when she heard this.

Task 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1.What are senior citizens allowed to do?

2.Where did Mrs. Matthews go once a week?

3.How did she travel?

4.How much did she have to pay for the bus ride before she was sixty?

5.What happened when Mrs. Matthews got her special card?

6.What did the bus driver say to her?

7.Why did he say this?

8.How did Mrs. Matthews feel about this?

Task 3. Надайте відповідні слова з тексту до наступних слів та словосполучень:

1. allowed 4. closed one eye

2. arrived at 5. sad

3. at a reduced price 6. talked softly

Task 4. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях, використовуючи слова з дужок:

1. This woman isn’t old enough to travel cheaply on the bus, but she has a card. She __________ have borrowed her mother’s card. (must, should)

2. She________have paid the full amount: it wasn’t honest not to. (must, should)

3. She_______be about fifty years old. (must, should)

4. She________be ashamed of herself. (must, should)

5. There seemed to be a lot of other people________on the bus that day too. (traveled, traveling)

6. The bus hit a brick wall, but no one was________. (hurt, hurting)_____________________

7. Luckily, nobody had been ________up at the time of the accident. (standing, stood)

Task 1.

Прослухайте наступний текст:

Mr. Thompson did not learn to drive a car until he was almost thirty, because he was a very nervous person who always had the convenience of someone else to drive him - first his mother and then his wife. But at last he decided to take lessons, and managed to pass his driving test on the second attempt, although he still wasn't very good at parking.

A week later he drove into town by himself and was trying to park between two other cars when he damaged one of them slightly.

When he wrote to the insurance company about the accident, they sent him a form to fill in describing it, and one of the questions on the form was, “How could the driver of the other car have prevented the accident from happening?”

Mr. Thompson thought for a minute and then wrote, “He could have parked his car on another street.”

Task 2. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання:

1.Why didn’t Mr. Thompson learn to drive sooner?

2.When did he pass his driving test?

3.How did he have an accident?

4.Who did he write to then?

5.What did they do?

6.What was one of the questions Mr. Thompson had to answer?

7.How did he answer the question?

Task 3. Надайте відповідні слова з тексту до наступних слів та словосполучень:

1.calm

2.caused

3.fail

4.repaired

5.going forward

6.severely

Task 4. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях:

Example: a. Mr. Thompson damaged another car.

b. Another car was damaged by Mr. Thompson.

1. a. The insurance company sent Mr. Thompson a form to fill in.

b. Mr. Thompson

c. A form____________________________.

2. a. Mr. Thompson's mother used to drive him around in her car.

b. Mr. Thompson_________________________.

3. a. Two people had parked cars on the street where Mr. Thompson

wanted to park.

b. Cars______________________________.

4. a. The accident was caused by Mr. Thompson.

b. Mr. Thompson_____________________.

5. a. Mr. Thompson had been given a driving test by an official examiner.

b. An official examiner ____________________

c. A driving test____________________.

Task 1. Прослухайте наступний текст:

One evening Mrs. Alda asked her husband to take her to a very expensive restaurant in the city, because a lot of movie stars and other famous people ate there, and she was curious to see some of them.

Soon after Mr. and Mrs. Alda had ordered their meal, a very attractive man and woman came into the restaurant and sat down at a table nearby. They were beautifully dressed, and Mrs. Alda said to her husband, “Look at those people, George! I’m sure I’ve seen their pictures somewhere.”

The man and woman gave their order to the waiter, and when he brought Mr. and Mrs. Alda their soup, Mrs. Alda said to him, “Who are those people? Do you know them?”

“Oh, they’re nobody famous,” he answered at once.

“Really?” Mrs. Alda asked with surprise. “How do you know
that?”

“Because they asked me who you were,” he answered.

Task 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. Why did Mrs. Alda want to go to the expensive restaurant?

2. Who came into the restaurant after Mr. and Mrs. Alda?

3. What did they look like?

4. What did Mrs. Alda say to her husband?

5. What did she ask the waiter?

6. What did the waiter answer?

7. What did Mrs. Alda say then?

8. What did the waiter tell her?

Task 3. Заповніть кросворд:

Across:

1._________ The people who came into the restaurant after Mr. and Mrs. Alda were_________ dressed.

6. Mrs. Alda thought that the man might be a famous_________.

7. Before dinner Mr. and Mrs. Alda had a drink at the__________.

9. The young performer ___________into a famous actor.

10. People who compete with each other.

12. Forcing someone to stop speaking.

13. Places where people go to have dinner.

Down:

2.______________ Mrs. Alda wanted to see some famous actors and _________.

3. Mr. Alda took a taxi because his car had a flat _______.

4. That person is not from this country. He must be a _________.

5. The school________helped me find the books I needed.

6. Being more mad or annoyed.
8. When a person does not want to do a particular job anymore, he ________.

11. The last name of the people in this story.

Task 1. Прослухайте наступний текст:

An artist who did not have much money, but was a very kind man, was coming home by train one day. He gave his last few coins to a beggar, but then he saw another one, and forgot that he did not have any money. He asked the man if he would like to have lunch with him, and the beggar accepted, so they went into a small restaurant and had a good meal.

At the end, the artist could not pay the bill, of course, so the beggar had to do so.

The artist was very unhappy about this, so he said to the beggar, “Come home with me in a taxi, my friend, and I’ll give you back the money for lunch.”

“Oh, no!” the beggar answered quickly. “I had to pay for your lunch, but I'm not going to pay for your taxi home too!”

Task 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. What kind of man was the artist?

2. What had he forgotten about?

3. What did he ask the beggar to do?

4. Where did they go after that?

5. What happened at the end of the meal?

6.What did the artist say then?

7.What did the beggar answer?

Task 3. Виберіть правильні твердження з тексту та запишіть їх:

1.The artist in this story invited a beggar to have lunch with him.

2.The artist in this story asked a beggar to give him lunch.

3.The beggar thought that he would have to pay the bill.

4.The beggar didn’t expect to pay the bill.

5.The artist wanted the beggar to come home with him by taxi so they could have lunch together.

6.The artist wanted the beggar to come home with him by taxi so he could pay him back for the lunch.

7.The artist was going to pay for the taxi ride when he got home.

8.The artist didn’t want to pay for the taxi ride himself.

9. The beggar thought that the artist wanted to have a free taxi ride.
10. The beggar thought that the artist would pay for the taxi when he got home.

Task 4. Підберіть відповідні речення до наступних картинок:

a b c d

e f g h

1. He gave a beggar his last few coins.

2. He took him to a restaurant.

3. The beggar paid the bill for lunch.

4. The beggar refused to get in, because he didn’t want to pay for that too.

5. Then he met another beggar on the street.

6. Then the artist took the beggar to a taxi.

7. An artist got out of a train one day.

8. When the waiter brought the bill, the artist could not pay it.

Task 1. Прослухайте наступний текст:

The students at a certain American university used to play tricks on each other when one of them was going to receive his first visit from a new girlfriend. Usually the trick was to take all the furniture out of the student’s room, so that when his girlfriend arrived, there was nothing to sit on.

Ted Jones was a country boy who had never left his birthplace until his admission to the university. When he arrived there for the first time and heard about this behavior, he disliked it and announced to the other students, “I'm determined that that’s not going to happen to me. I'm going to lock my door.” His confident words were greeted with laughter by the other students.

When Ted brought his girlfriend to his room for the first time, he was astonished to find that all the furniture was there — but the door of his room was gone.

Task 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1.When did the students play tricks on each other?

2.What was the usual trick?

3.What kind of person was Ted Jones?

4.What did he think of the students’ tricks?

5.What did he say very confidently?

6.How did the other students answer?

7.What happened when Ted brought his girlfriend to his room?

Task 3. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді:

1. Did the students in this story know in advance when a new girlfriend
was going to visit one of their friends?

a. Yes, they did.

b. No, they didn’t.

2. What did they usually do then?

a. They changed all the student's furniture around.

b. They removed the student's furniture from the room.

3. What would the girlfriend then find when she arrived?

a. She would find that the chairs were too uncomfortable to sit on.

b. She would find that there were no chairs.

4. What did Ted Jones decide to do when he heard about this?

a. He decided to lock his door.

b. He decided to take his door away.

5. What did his girlfriend find when she arrived?

a. That all the furniture had been taken away.

b. That the door of Ted’s room was missing.

Task 4. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях:

Mary was born in 1962. Her_______ was a small town in California. She was a bright girl, and her_______to a good university at the age of seventeen was no surprise to her parents, who had always been_______of her ability.

Mary was a serious student, and was_______ to do well in her studies. She strongly________the kind of silly________many of her classmates thought funny, and never joined in their________ at these jokes.

Her professors________that she was the best student they had ever had, and when she went up to________her degree, after passing her exams with extraordinarily high marks, their applause was nearly deafening.

They were, therefore, quite _________to find that she later gave up her studies to sail around the world in a small boat!

Task 1. Прослухайте наступний текст:

George and Carol were medical students at the same college and, like many other college students, they enjoyed playing jokes on people. Both of them smoked, but they knew that their professors were strongly against it, because smoking was dangerous to one’s health. One day they decided to play a joke on their professor.

At one of their medical lectures there was always a skeleton in the room so that the professor could show the students the different bones in the human body.

That afternoon, Carol and George put a cigarette in the mouth of the skeleton that was to be used for their next lecture.

When the professor came in, he began talking and then noticed the cigarette. He went up to the skeleton, took the cigarette out of its mouth and said, “You really should give them up, old boy. Look what they’re doing to you!”

Task 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. What were George and Carol studying?

2. What did they both enjoy?

3. What did their professors think about smoking?

4. What was in one of the lecture rooms?

5. Why was it there?

6. What did Carol and George do one afternoon?

7. What did the professor do when he noticed this?

8. And what did he say?

Task 3. Вставте пропуски в реченнях, вживаючи слова about, at, for, in, of, on, out of, to, with, within, without:

1. The students are working hard_______ preparation_______ their medical examinations.

2. They can ask their teachers questions about anything they are ______doubt_______.

3.However, they must keep _________ the limits _______the exam_______subjects.

4. Also, if something is ________ interest _______ any but a few students, the teacher often refers them to a book for the answer.

5. The university was closed yesterday_________respect________ the oldest professor, who had just died.

6. It may be difficult for all the students to get here by 9:00 a.m. ________account________ the heavy traffic in town.

7. Some of them may come before the rush hour, ________the risk_______being tired before the exam begins.

8. Some students who cannot leave until later will be________danger_______being late.

9. _______the surprise _______all of us, no students were late last year.

10. _______regard________ our plans for next year, we want to try a later time for starting each day's exams.

Task 4. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді:

1. George and Carol a. advised the skeleton to stop smoking.

2. One of the medical lectures b. put a cigarette skeleton's mouth.

3. Smoking c. was used for medical lectures.

4. The professor d. was disapproved of by the professors.

5. The skeleton e. was about bones.

ЗМІСТ

Передмова………………………………………………………………..
І.	Завдання для аудиторної роботи………………………………… I semester, Module 1 …………………………………………….... I semester, Module 2 …………………………………………….... II semester, Module 3 …………………………………………....... II semester, Module 4...…………………………………………....
II.	Завдання для самостійної роботи..……………………………... I semester, Module 1 …………………………………………….... I semester, Module 2 …………………………………………….... II semester, Module 3 ……………………………………………... II semester, Module 4 ……………………………………………...
III.	Завдання для індивідуальної роботи ………………………….... I semester, Module 1 …………………………………………….... I semester, Module 2 …………………………………………….... II semester, Module 3 ……………………………………………... II semester, Module 4 ……………………………………………...
Зміст...........................................................................................................

Туризм относится к такому виду деятельности человечества, история которого начинается задолго до возникновения цивилизованного общества. На протяжении всего исторического развития человечеству было свойственно стремление к путешествиям с целью развития торговли, завоевания и освоения новых земель, поиска ресурсов и т.п. Поэтому в каждой исторической эпохе есть такие элементы деятельности людей, которые так или иначе подпадают под категорию туризма. Туризм сыграл огромную роль в становлении и развитии как локальных цивилизаций древности, так и мировой цивилизации в целом.

В настоящее время туризм является одним из важнейших видов социальной мобильности, получающих все большее распространение в современном мире. Грандиозное развитие туризма привело к производству и структурированию пространства, к тому, что потоки путешественников изменили текстуру пространства. По словам Дж. Урри, мир охвачен процессом «производства» и «потребления мест». Исследователь выделяет такие характерные черты туризма последнего десятилетия, как глобальность, мобильность, потребление, производство «экономики знаков», институционализация, перформативность. Более того, Дж. Урри полагает, что мобильность и перформативность становятся все более важными факторами самоидентификации человека и приобретают ценностное значение. Сегодня основные компоненты, позволяющие «исполнять» современную глобальную культуру, включают гостиничный буфет, бассейн, коктейль, пляж, зал ожидания аэропорта и бронзовый загар.

Но, несмотря на свою длительную историю, туризм вплоть до настоящего време­ни не получил однозначного определения. Как справедливо указы­вает российский ученый В.Г. Сапрунова, до сих пор отсутствует единство мнений по проблемам трактования сущности туризма и его понятийного аппарата. Между тем вопрос дефиниций, то есть согласованных и принятых за основу определений, понятий, терминологии туризма, является необходимым условием пони­мания явлений и процессов, характерных для туризма. Вычленение собственно туризма и идентификация его специфики по сравнению с другими видами мобильности – важная задача как академической науки, так и практиков, поставляющих на рынки туруслуги.

Следует отметить, что выявление понятия и сущности туризма предполагает его рассмотрение в соотношении с такими понятиями, как, с одной стороны, миграция, путешествие, экскурсия, с другой стороны, отдых, досуг, рекреация. Перечисленные выше понятия часто употребляются в одном ряду с понятием «туризм» и используются как его смысловые эквиваленты. Поэтому, давая определение туризму, специалисты неизбежно сталкиваются с проблемой разграничения собственно туризма и миграции, путешествия, экскурсии, отдыха, досуга, рекреации.

К первому блоку относятся такие понятия, как миграция, путешествие, экскурсия. Данную группу понятий объединяет с понятием «туризм» такое действие, как движение, перемещение из какого-либо одного пункта, точки в пространстве в другой. Рассмотрим данную группу понятий.

Термин «миграция» происходит от латинского migratio – переселение. Данное понятие употребляется по отношению к передвижениям, перемещениям различного характера, а не только к социального (в отличие от понятия туризм, которое имеет только социальный смысл), применяется в различных науках (например, в биологии, химии, экономике и других).

В социологии, демографии, истории и других социальных науках анализируемое нами понятие рассматривается как миграция населения. В собственном смысле слова миграция – это совокупность перемещений с целью перенести место пребывания кого-либо.В российской научной литературе существует около 40 определений миграции. Приведем примеры. Миграция – это пространственные перемещения, совершающиеся между населенными пунктами, которые ведут к постоянной или временной смене места жительства, а также это регулярное движение между местами жительства и местами труда и учёбы.

Миграция – это пространственные перемещения, которые определяются фактическим переселением из одной местности в другую. В результате переселения происходит соединение места жительства с местами приложения труда, учёбы или иной деятельности в одном населённом пункте.

Миграция – это перемещения людей через границы тех или иных территорий с пере­меной места жительства навсегда или на более или менее длительное время. В миграциях (перемещениях и перераспределениях) участвуют значительные, иногда огромные массы людей. Один из основных критериев идентификации миграции населения – пересечение административных границ территорий (государства, области, города и т.д.).

Таким образом, миграция – это массовые пространственные перемещения, связанные с пересечением административных границ территорий, ведущие к постоянной или временной смене места жительства, в результате чего происходит соединение места жительства с местами приложения труда, учёбы или иной деятельности в одном населённом пункте, а также это регулярное движение между местами жительства и местами труда и учебы.

Исследователи выделяют ряд видов миграции. По направленности различают внешнюю миграцию (эмиграция – выезд из страны и иммигра­ция – въезд в страну) и внутреннюю. Внешняя миграция (между­народная) связана с пересечением государственной грани­цы, её подразделяют на межконтинентальную и внутриконтинентальную (хотя такое деление является достаточно условным).

К внутренней миграции относятся перемеще­ния в пределах одной страны между административными или экономико-географическими районами, населенными пунктами и т.д.Следует отметить, что внутренние миграции являются важной чертой современной социальной и культурной жизни многих стран. Это межрайонные миграции, прежде всего отток населения, наблюдаемый во многих странах из районов с экстремальными природными условиями в районы с условиями, более благоприятными для жизни. Но более важны и устойчивы миграции из села в город и наоборот. При этом первое направле­ние миграций преобладает практически во всех странах. В целом это – объективный процесс, связанный с интенсификацией сель­ского хозяйства, заменой ручного труда машинным. В ряде развивающихся стран это связано с разорением мелких собственников-крестьян, которые не могут найти другой работы в сельской местности и переселяются в город, где нередко ведут ни­щенский или криминальный образ жизни. Самые крупные миграционные потоки подобного типа существуют в странах Азии и Латинской Америки.

По способу реализации выделяют вынужденную и добровольную миграцию. Вынужденная миграция – совокупность территориальных перемещений, связанных с постоянными или временными изменениями места жительства людей по независящим от них причинам, как правило, вопреки их желанию (стихийное бедствие, экологическая катастрофа, военные действия, нарушение основных прав и свобод и т.д.).

Добровольная же миграция представляет собой перемещение людей в результате их осознанного желания изменить свое место жительства без каких-либо внешних обстоятельств. Подобный тип миграции в настоящее время является преобладающим.

В соответствии с временным критерием миграция бывает постоянной, или безвозвратной (например, безвозвратный характер обычно имеет межконтинентальная миграция, мигра­ция сельского населения в города). В большинстве случаев миграции приводят к тому, что, изменяя место жительства, человек не возвращается к пер­воначальному месту своего обитания. Возвратная же миграция включает в себя временную миграцию на учёбу, на определенные сроки в отдалённые районы и т.д. Временные (совершаемые время от времени, на определенный срок) миграции также широ­ко распространены.

В учебной и научной литературе описаны четыре основных вида временных миграций: сезонные, вахтовые, маятниковые, кочевничество.

Сезонная миграция – передвижение людей, повторяющиеся миграционные процессы в определенное время года, характеризующиеся регулярным, достаточно длительным временным изменением места жительства. Сезонные миграции связаны с сельскохозяйственной деятельностью, строитель­ством, промыслами или ремеслом.

Вахтовые мигра­ции – это перемещения людей на ограниченный срок для осуществления трудовой деятельности в районах, где экстремальные природные условия не позволяют создать поселения с постоянным населением. Примером может являться добыча минерального сырья в районах Крайнего Севера, пустынях или на морском шельфе.

Маятнико­вая миграция представляет собой перемещение населения, имеющее регулярный характер, между двумя населенными пунктами и более без изменения места жительства, связанное с работой, учёбой. Маятниковые миграции – это ежедневные поездки в город из пригородов или более отдален­ных местностей на работу или учебу.

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